Passage 55
Some obrvers have attributed the dramatic growth
in temporary employment that occurred in the United
states during the 1980’s to incread participation in
the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or
(5) reentering workers, who suppodly prefer such arrange-
ments. However, statistical analys reveal that demo-
graphic changes in the workforce did not correlate with
variations in the total number of temporary workers.
Instead, the analys suggest that factors affecting.
(10) employers account for the ri in temporary employ-
ment. One factor is product demand: temporary
employment is favored by employers who are adapting
to fluctuating demand for products while at the same
time eking to reduce overall labor costs. Another
(15) factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which
allows employers more control over the terms of
employment. Given the analys, which reveal that
growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the
level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of
(20) groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be
discouraged from creating excessive numbers of tem-
口译资料
porary positions. Government policymakers should
consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary
employees, promoting pay equity between temporary
(25) and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in orga-
nizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to
assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who
explicitly indicate that preference.
1. The primary purpo of the passage is to
(A) prent the results of statistical analys and propo
further studies.
(B) explain a recent development and predict its
eventual conquences.
(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend
measures to address it.
(D) outline veral theories about a phenomenon and
advocate one of them
(E) describe the potential conquences of implementing
a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true
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of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned
in lines
9-10?
(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the
growth in temporary employment that occurred
during the 1980’s.
(B) They may account for the increa in the total
number of temporary workers during the 1980’s.
(C) They were less important than demographic change
in accounting for the increa of temporary
employment during the 1980’s.
(D) They included a sharp increa in the cost of labor
during the 1980’s.
(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other
factors involved in the growth of temporary
employment during the 1980’s.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about the
u of temporary employment by firms
during the
1980’s?
(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product
demand far more efficiently than they before the
vanilla twilight1980’s.
(B) It incread as a result of incread participation in
the workforce by certain demograp groups.
(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated
policies.
(D) It was a respon to preferences indicated by certain
employees for more flexible working arrangements.
(E) It incread partly as a result of workers’ reduced
ability to control the terms of their employment.
4. The passage suggests which of the following about the
workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?
(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions
within firms.
(B) They constituted a less demographically diver
group than has been suggested.
(C) They were occasionally involved in actions
organized by labor unions. overwhelming
(D) Their pay declined during the decade in comparison
with the pay of permanent employees.
(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary
employment to permanent employment.
5. The first ntence in the passage suggests that the
obrvers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to
predict which of the following? (A) That the number of new temporary positions would
decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary
employment entered the workforce.
(B) That the total number of temporary positions would
increa as fewer workers were able to find
permanent positions
(C) That employers would have less control over the
terms of workers’ employment as workers
incread their bargaining strength.
(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary
positions as product demand incread.
(E) That the number of workers taking temporary
positions would increa as more workers in any
given demographic group entered the workforce.
6. In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line
21) most cloly corresponds to which of the
following phras?
(A) Far more than can be justified by worker
preferences
(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in
product demand.
(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the
firms themlves.
(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding
national economy.
(E) Far more than can be attributed to increas in the
total number of people in the workforce.
7. The passage mentions each of the following as an
appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT
(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment
primarily to a certain group of people.
(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and
permanent employees
(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by
la
bor unions.
(D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of
temporary workers that firms should employ
(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits
from their employers.
Passage 56
Although numbers of animals in a given region may
fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often
temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists
have advanced three theories of population control to
(5) account for this relative constancy.
The first theory attributes a relatively constant popu-
lation to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate
populations with such frequency as to prevent them
from exceeding some particular limit. In the ca of
(10) small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes
need not be catastrophic: normal asonal changes in
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example,
can govern population growth. This theory---the
density-independent view---asrts that climatic factors
harukaze(15) exert the same regulatory effect on population regard-
less of the number of individuals in a region.
A cond theory argues that population growth is
冠词有哪些 primarily density-dependent---that is, the rate of scatology
growth of a population in a region decreas as the
(20) number of animals increas. The mechanisms that
manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers
increa, the food supply would probably diminish,
which would increa mortality. In addition, as Lotka
and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more
(25) easily in high-density populations. Other regulators
include physiological control mechanisms: for example.
Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the
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crowding that results from a ri in numbers may bring
about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal
(30) glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering
xual activity and inhibiting xual maturation. There
is evidence that the effects may persist for three
generations in the abnce of the original provocation.
One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to
(35) develop models that would allow the preci prediction
of the effects of crowding.
A third theory, propod by Wynne-Edwards and
termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved
a “code”in the form of social or epideictic behavior
(40) displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group
vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with infor-
mation on population size in a region so that they can,
if necessary, exerci reproductive restraint. However,
wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior
(45) and population control, has been challenged, with some
justification, by veral studies.
1. The primary purpo of the passage is to
(A) argue against tho scientists
who maintain that
animal populations tend to fluctuate
(B) compare and contrast the density-dependent
and epideictic theories of population control
(C) provide example of some of the ways in which
animals exerci reproductive restraint to
control their own numbers
(D) suggests that theories of population control that
concentrate on the social behavior of animals
are more open to debate than are theories that do not
(E) summarize a number of scientific theories that
attempt to explain why animal populations do
not exceed certain limits
2. It can be inferred from the passage that proponents
of the density-dependent theory of population control
have not yet been able to
(A) u their theory to explain the population growth of
organisms with short life cycles
(B) reproduce the results of the study of Christian and
Davis
(C) explain adequately why the numbers of a population
can increa as the population’s rate of growth
decreas
(D) make sufficiently accurate predictions about the
effects of crowding
(E) demonstrate how predator populations are
themlves regulated
3. Which of the following, if true, would best support the
density-dependent theory of population control as it is
described in the passage?
(A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota decrea, the
growth rate of this population of foxes begins of
increa.
(B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont
decreas, the growth rate of this population of
woodpeckers also begins to decrea.
(C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma
increas, the growth rate of this population of
prairie dogs also begins to increa.
(D) After the number of beavers in Tenne decreas,
the number of predators of the beavers begins to
increa.
(E) After the number of eagles in Montana decreas,
the food supply of this population of eagles also
begins to decrea.
4. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is
described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays
rve the function of
(A) determining roosting aggregations
(B) locating food
(C) attracting predators
(D) regulating xual activity
(E) triggering hormonal changes
5. The challenge pod to the Wynne-Edwards-theory by
veral studies is regarded by the author with
(A) complete indifference
(B) qualified acceptance
(C) skeptical amument
(D) perplexed astonishment
(E) agitated dismay
6. Which of the following statements would provide the
most of logical continuation of the final paragraph of the
passage?
(A) Thus wynne-Edwards’ theory rais rious
questions about the constancy of animal population
in a region.
(B) Becau Wynne-Edwards’ theory is able to explain
more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-
dependent theory, epideictic explanations of
population
regulation are now widely accepted.
(C) The results of one study, for instance, have
suggested that group vocalizing is more often ud
to defend territory than to provide information about
population density.
(D) Some of the studies have, in fact, worked out
a systematic and complex code of social behavior
that can regulate population size.
(E) One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds
are more likely to u winter-roosting aggregations
than group vocalizing in order to provide
information
on population size.
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Passage 57
In recent years, teachers of introductory cours in
Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma
nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts
in that field were available. Today, excellent antho-
(5) logies and other introductory texts exist, and books on
individual Asian American nationality groups and on
general issues important for Asian Americans are
published almost weekly. Even professors who are
experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of
(10) the to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in
related areas and are looking for writings for and by
ling Asian American to include in survey cours are in an
even wor position.
A complicating factor has been the continuing lack
(15) of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian
Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop
encyclopedias. Such works would enable students
taking Asian American studies cours (and professors
in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian
(20) American individuals, institutions, history, and culture
without having to wade through mountains of primary
source material. In addition, give such works, Asian
American studies professors might feel more free to
include more challenging Asian American material in
(25) their introductory reading lists, since good reference
works allow students to acquire on their own the back-
ground information necessary to interpret difficult or
unfamiliar material.
1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
doing which of the following?
(A) Recommending a methodology
(B) Describing a cour of study
(C) Discussing a problem
(D) Evaluating a past cour of action
(E) Responding to a criticism
2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be
characterized as being caud by the necessity to make a
choice when faced with a
(A) lack of acceptable alternatives
(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives
(C) prepon
