细节事实与主旨大意类阅读方法
chaz bono1 细节事实
新课程标准有关阅读最基本的要求是“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是细节判断。这类题在阅读理解题中占据半壁江山，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。
1、细节事实题题干常见的问句形式
1）True or NOT true 是非判断类型Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following statements is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT considered as ……? According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one
of the reasons for ……?
2）特殊疑问词提问类型How many ……？What/who/when/where/how/why ……?
3）排序题类型Which of the orders is correct according to the passage ?
4）例证题类型The author gives the example in ……paragraph in order to ……
5）表唯一细节概念题类型：……the most / ~est …………the only ……
2、细节事实题的解题方法：
做这类题的一般方法是先要找出题干或是选项中的关键字，一般为数字、大写或人名地名，再通过scanning快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），仔细对照题干要求，排除或选择。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。细节事实题还要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定语、状语、补语等，这些成分都是出题者常进行误导的落脚点。
是非判断一般都遵循对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分，分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。一定要注意的是，要所答是所问，不要受到惯势思维的影响，习惯性地去选择正确的细节事实，切记要弄清问题，不要所答非所问。
例证题一定要注意以for example ……, such as ……等关键入手处，找出细节出处。排序题要先仔细观察选项，找出首尾相同的选项分组，进而通过具体细节信息比较进行排除和选择。唯一细节题一定
要仔细审题，弄清题干所需。特别需要提醒的是，选项中出现有most （最高级）、the only（唯一）、all（所有）、none（全否）修饰的细节，都具有绝对性，选择判断时要慎选。
2 主旨大意
此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。其中一类题型为主旨问题。
1、主旨大意题题干常见的问句形式
1）主旨句设问类型What is the main idea of this passage？What does the passage maily talk about？We can conclude / learn from the passage that ……
关于爱情的英文文章
2）最佳标题选择类型The best title for this passage is ……
3）作者主旨意图类型What does the writer want to tell us？Which can express the purpo of the writer according to the passage?
2、主旨大意题的解题方法
主旨大意题一定要注意文章的首尾两段。如果首尾两段的主旨表达是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是两
段重复表明的语句内容表达。找出选项中与归纳的主旨表达重复最多的选项即为最佳答案。如果首尾两段的主旨表达不一致，则需要观察文章的段落篇幅量是倾向于首段或是尾段，从而确定主旨段落。在此过程中，观察篇幅量只需跳读文章段落的首句尾句即可，无需细读段落内容，以节省时间。如果文章只有一段，则注意文章的首两句及尾句，然后用以上的方法确定主旨句。
此外，标题选择即为主旨句的压缩表达，注意抓住主旨句进行主要词汇的提炼，把一个句子提炼为几个关键词，即是对主旨大意进行概括归纳的标题。而作者意图表达必须通过归纳中心主题才能找到，通常体现为advi,convince,prent,propo,warn等。
3 推理判断
此类题的关键是要注意原文出现的语句不是我们做出的推理判断，而是原文给出的细节信息，所以原文语句不能选。判断时对已知的事实仔细评价后做出的合理决定并非唯一决定，要对事实进行合乎情理的判断，有时还需借助常识进行判断。
推理判断题分两种，即对细节的推理和对主旨的推理。主要以We can infer / imply / learn from this passage that ……等进行提问。解决此类题要注意，一是与原文相同的细节不能选，二是文中没有出现的细节不能跳出文章做推断。解题过程中只要注意上述两点，再结合做细节和主旨的方法，即可以做出推理判断题。
4 词义猜测题
词义猜测是利用上下文语境对某些生词、难句做出推测和判断。该题旨在考查学生根据上下文推断词汇的能力，因而，所考单词的意义通常超出大纲范围。常见形式有：The word / phra …… means / refers to ……From the passage ，we can infer the word …… is clost in meaning to ……What does the word …… in paragraph …… mean？
要做好此类题，要注意，第一要熟练掌握大纲单词，平时注意积累生词和短语。第二，要把词放到句子里，把句子放在句群里。第三，注意词、句的位置，确定结构关系。第四，要善于利用连词、代词及词性、同义词法、反义词法等进行判断选择。
典型例题分析
根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。
Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was ven. "Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could e the orange fire, but you had to look fast becau it was so hot," said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.
Now, we can only e the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there
are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out?
Scientists have tried to t（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被烧完）。
1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire ________.
A. at the age of ven
B. ven years old
C. in the year of 1898
D. more than（超过）80 years ago
2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire becau ________.
A. it was in the hole
B. it was very hot
C. it was orange
D. it was harmful
3. How many coal fires are there in the world?pudong airport
A. There's only one.
B. It's hard to say.
C. There are 260.
D. The article（文章）doesn't tell us.
4. What’s one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）the underground fire?
A. T o cover（覆盖）the holes with stones（石块）.
B. T o speed up the fires.
C. T o e the fires burning.
D. T o do some experiments（试验）.
5. What is the best title（标题）for the article?
slotsA. Watching the Underground - Fire.
B. A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires.
C. The Burning Earth.
D. Coal and Coal Fires.
[分析] 1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。at the age of ven 等于when he was ven，故正确答案为 A 。
2．这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为B。
formal3．这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为C。
4．在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为B。
answer是什么意思
5．完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从Mr Brown 两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为B。
阅读理解题型：true or fal
ABCorD
Answer the questions
一、根据文章内容判断正误Fred telephoned his wife. “I’ve got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. We’ll have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.”
Fred’s wife was very plead. They hadn’t been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.
At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “It’s very strange,” he said. “They aren’t here!” “T ry your pockets,” said his wife. But the tickets weren’t there, either.
Then Fred looked very embarrasd (尴尬). “What’s the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I
remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But becau I wasn’t going home, I left it in the office!”
( ) 1. One day, Fred was given the tickets
for the theatre.
( ) 2. Fred and his wife went to the
theatre quite often.
( ) 3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a
restaurant.
( ) 4. They reached the theatre neither
late nor early.
( ) 5. Then Fred couldn’t find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets.
1、T 因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife
“I’ve got two free tickets…” “free” 此处是免费的意思。
2、F 第二段中提到“They hadn’t been to the theater
for a long time.”
3、F 第一段中Fred说“Meet me outside the office.”
4、T 第二段中“in time”是及时的意思。5T 结尾处提到的。
David McConnell sold books from door to door. Houwives(家庭主妇)were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, the women clod their doors. But he didn’t give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them a prent, a small bottle of perfume(香水)made by himlf. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped lling books to ll perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, which is a great success.
When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even though you are not successful, you will learn what doesn’t work and that puts you clor to what will work. It doesn’t matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one day.
Edison was not on the way to success until people bought his first invention. Success once is enough for Edison. And the same for you—success once is enough.
( ) 1. McConnell was successful as a book-ller.
关于春节的英语手抄报( ) 2. McConnell hoped tho women would buy his books if he brought them each a
prent.
考研英语辅导书推荐( ) 3. If you do nothing at all, you will never be successful.
( ) 4. Edison was successful at the very beginning.
( ) 5. The writer encouraged us to try as much as we can.
F T T F T
1、F 从第一段“He stopped lling books to ll perfume stead.”，可以判断出他在推销书方面并不成功。
blue film
2、T 第一段第三行提到“McConnell decided to bring each of them a prent,…”。
3、T 这句是第二段前两句的解释。
4、F 最后一段，第一句说明Edison 的发明被人们认可后才走上了成功之路。
5、T 第二段中作者提出了自己的观点。
Sociologists(社会学家), working in western countries, have found that a large number of women wished they had been born men. The number is said to be as high as 60% in Germany.
“Women often wish they had the same chances as men have, and think it is still men’s world,” said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who did the stud y.
Many men say that they have more duties than women. A man has to make money to support(养活)his family and to make the important decision, so it is right for men to be paid more. Some are even against their wives working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children cannot be
taken good care of. If women take full-time job s, they won’t be able to do what they are best at doing: making a nice home and bringing up the children.
Some women disagree. They say they want to get out of their homes and to have freedom(自由) to choo between work and home life. Women have the right of equal pay and equal chances(平等机会).
Anne Harper has a very good job. She also believes in “Women’s Liberation(解放).” “I don’t wish I were a man, ”she says, “and I don’t think many women do. But I do wish people would stop treating(对待) us like cond—class people.
At work, for example, we usually do the work that men do but get paid less. There are still a lot of jobs only to men—usually they are the best ones. If you are a man, you have a much better chance of living a wonderful life. How many women scient ists are there…or engineers?”
( ) 1. many men think__________.
A. women can’t do what men can
B. men have to work much harder than women
C. men can make money more easily than women
D. women’s duty is mainly to do houwork at home
1、D 这是一道概括主旨的题，答此题的依据是第三段内容。这段开头两句话说的是重男，那么不言而喻，家务活和教育子女的任务应有妇女承担；另有一些男士则公开反对女士外出工作。可见，不少男士认为妇女的主要职责是在家料理家务。
( ) 2. Some women have different ideas, They say that__________.
A. women need chances to go out of the home more often
四级英语考试时间B. women want more freedom in deciding the kind of life they want
C. if women are given equal pay, they can do everything instead of men
