【点课台出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-Making Copier
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Making Copier
A t first, nobody bought Chester Carlson’s strange idea. But trillions of
documents later, his invention is the biggest thing in printing since
Cutenburg
A Copying is the engine of civilization: culture is behavior duplicated. The
oldest copier invented by people is language, by which an idea of yours becomes
an idea of mine. The cond great copying machine was writing. When the
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Sumerians transpod spoken words into stylus marks on clay tablets more than
5,000 years ago, they hugely extended the human network that language had
created. Writing freed copying from the chain of living contact. It made ideas
permanent, portable and endlessly reproducible.谷歌日语在线翻译
B Until Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid-1400s,
producing a book in an edition of more than one generally meant writing it out
again. Printing with moveable type was not copying, however. Gutenberg couldn’t
take a document that already existed, feed it into his printing press and run
off facsimiles. The first true mechanical copier was manufactured in 1780, when
James Watt, who is better known as the inventor of the modern steam engine,
created the copying press. Few people today know what a copying press was, but
中考英语词组you may have en one in an antiques store, where it was perhaps called a book
press. A ur took a document freshly written in special ink, placed a moistened
sheet of translucent paper against the inked surface and squeezed the two sheets
together in the press, causing some of the ink from the original to penetrate 道喜
the cond sheet, which could then be read by turning it over and looking
oppositely
through its back. The high cost prohibits the widespread u of this copier.
纽埃岛C Among the first modem copying machines, introduced in 1950 by 3M, was the
Thermo-Fax, and it made a copy by shining infrared light through an original
document and a sheet of paper that had been coated with heat-nsitive
chemicals. Competing manufacturers soon introduced other copying technologies
and marketed machines called Dupliton, Dial-A-Matic Autostat, Verifax, Copea
and Copymation. The machines and their successors were welcomed by
cretaries, who had no other means of reproducing documents in hand, but each
had rious drawbacks. All required expensive chemically treated papers. And all
made copies that smelled bad, were hard to read, didn三八妇女节英文’t last long and tended to
curl up into tubes. The machines were displaced, beginning in the late 1800s, by
a combination of two 19th century inventions: the typewriter and carbon paper.
For tho reasons, copying press were standard equipment in offices for nearly
a century and a half.
D None of tho machines are still manufactured today. They were all made
obsolete by a radically different machine, which had been developed by an
obscure photographic-supply company. That company had been founded in 1906 as
the Haloid Company and is known today as the Xerox Corporation. In 1959, it
新视野大学英语4课文翻译
introduced an office copier called the Haloid Xerox 914, a machine that, unlike
its numerous competitors, made sharp, permanent copies on ordinary paper-a huge
breakthrough. The process, which Haloid called xerography (bad on Greek words
meaning “dry” and “writing”), was so unusual and nonnutritive that physicists
pitcherwho visited the drafty warehous where the first machines were built sometimes
expresd doubt that it was even theoretically feasible.
E Remarkably, xerography was conceived by one person- Chester Carlson, a shy,
soft-spoken patent attorney, who grew up in almost unspeakable poverty and
worked his way through junior college and the California Institute of
Technology. Chester Carlson was born in Seattle in 1906. His parents-Olof Adolph
Carlson and Ellen Jophine Hawkins—had grown up on neighboring farms in Grove
拉丁文在线翻译
City, Minnesota, a tiny Swedish farming community about 75 miles west of
Minneapolis. Compare with competitors, Carlson was not a normal inventor in
20-century. He made his discovery in solitude in 1937 and offered it to more
