T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M
SPONSORED BY
The Federal Transit Administration
Bus Route Evaluation Standards
A Synthesis of Transit Practice
fepTransportation Rearch Board
National Rearch Council
TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN
WILLIAM W. MILLAR
Port Authority of Allegheny County MEMBERS
SHARON D. BANKS
AC Transit
LEE BARNES
Barwood, Inc
GERALD L. BLAIR指日可待的意思
Indiana County Transit Authoirty MICHAEL BOLTON
Capital Metro
SHIRLEY A. D E LIBERO
New Jery Transit Corporation
ROD DIRIDON
Santa Clara County Transit District SANDRA DRAGGOO
CATA
LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI
SEPTA
DELON HAMPTON
Delon Hampton & Associates RICHARD R. KELLY
Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp ALAN F. KIEPPER
New York City Transit Authority EDWARD N. KRAVITZ
The Flxible Corporation
ROBERT G. LINGWOOD
BC Transit
MIKE MOBEY
Isabella County Transportation Comm DON S. MONROE
Pierce Transit
PATRICIA S. NETTLESHIP
The Nettleship Group, Inc
ROBERT E. PAASWELL
The City College of New York
JAMES P. REICHERT
Reichert Management Services LAWRENCE G. REUTER
WMATA
VICKIE SHAFFER
The Tri-State Transit Authority
B. R. STOKES
ATE Management & Service Co MICHAEL S. TOWNES
Peninsula Transportation Dist Comm FRANK J. WILSON
New Jery DOT
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS GORDON J. LINTON
FTA
JACK R. GILSTRAP
注册会计培训
APTA
RODNEY E. SLATER
FHWA
FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS
AASHTO
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR
TRB
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FRANK J. CIHAK
APTA
SECRETARY
ROBERT J. REILLY
TRB TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1995
OFFICERS
Chair: LILLIAN C. LIBURDI, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jery Vice Chair: JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director, California Department of Transportation
Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Rearch Board, National Rearch Council MEMBERS
EDWARD H. ARNOLD, Chairman & President, Arnold Industries, Inc
SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District, Oakland, California BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor & Chair, Bruton Center for Development Studies, University of Texas at Dallas
DWIGHT M. BOWER, Director, Idaho Transportation Department
JOHN E. BREEN, The Nasr I Al-Rashid Chair in Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin WILLIAM F. BUNDY, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation
DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conrvancy
A. RAY CHAMBERLAIN, Vice President, Freight Policy, American Trucking Associations, Inc
(Past Chair, 1993)
RAY W. CLOUGH, Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineering, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley JAMES C. D E LONG, Director of Aviation, Denver International Airport
JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation
中小学辅导网DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority
JAMES A. HAGEN, Chairman & CEO, CONRAIL
DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates
LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia, Department of Civil Engineering
DON C. KELLY, Secretary and Commissioner of Highways, Transportation Cabinet, Kentucky
ROBERT KOCHANOWSKI, Executive Director, Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission JAMES L. LAMMIE, President & CEO, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc
CHARLES P. O'LEARY, JR, Commissioner, New Hampshire Department of Transportation
JUDE W. P. PATIN, Secretary, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Company
DARREL RENSINK, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation
小学 英语JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachutts Institute
of
Technology
MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, Department of Urban Planning, University of California, Los Angeles
DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
HOWARD YERUSALIM, Vice President, KCI Technologics, Inc
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio)
ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Rearch and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
ANDREW H. CARD, JR, President & CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association (ex officio) THOMAS J. DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc (ex officio)
FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
JACK R. GILSTRAP, Executive Vice President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio)
ALBERT J. HERBERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio)
DAVID R. HINSON, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio) GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio) RICARDO MARTINEZ, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (ex officio) JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio) DAVE SHARMA, Administrator, Rearch & Special Programs Administration, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio)
RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.Department of Transportation (ex officio) ARTHUR E. WILLIAMS, Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S.Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Rearch Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP
LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia
LILLIAN C. LIBURDI, Port Authority of New York and New Jery (Chair)
2016考研政治真题GORDON J. LINTON, U.S.Department of Transportation
白目WILLIAM W. MILLAR, Port Authority of Allegheny County
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Rearch Board
JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, Massachutts Institute of Technology
JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation
T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Synthesis of Transit Practice
10 Bus Route Evaluation Standards
HOWARD P.BENN
Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc.
TOPIC PANEL
BERT ARRILLAGA, Federal Transit Administration
MARY KAY CHRISTOPHER, Chicago Transit Authority
DAVID R. FIALKOFF, Metro-Dade Transit Agency
STEPHEN T. PARRY, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
MILLARD L. SEAY, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
PETER L. SHAW, Transportation Rearch Board
STEVEN SILKUNAS, Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Rearch Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in
Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1995
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand rvice area, increa rvice frequency, and improve efficiency to rve the demands. Rearch is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Rearch Program (TCRP) rves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it.
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213--Rearch for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and bad on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transit Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem-solving rearch TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway Rearch Program, undertakes rearch and other technical activities in respon to the needs of transit rvice providers The scope of vice configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Propod by the U S Department of Transportation, TCRP was authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of Sciences, acting through the Transportation Rearch Board (TRB), and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and rearch organization established by APTA TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee Rearch problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodical
ly but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at anytime It is the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the rearch program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding levels and expected products
Once lected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the Transportation Rearch Board. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), lect contractors, and provide technical guidance and counl throughout the life of the project The process for developing rearch problem statements and lecting rearch agencies has been ud by TRB in managing cooperative rearch programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP project panels rve voluntarily without compensation
Becau rearch cannot have the desired impact if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on disminating TCRP results to the intended end-urs of the rearch: transit agencies, rvice providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a ries of rearch reports, synthes of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP rearch. APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively address common operational problems TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit rearch and training programs.TCRP SYNTHESIS 10
Project SA-1
ISSN 1073-4880
ISBN 0-309-058554
Library of Congress Catalog Card No 95-60883
Price $12.00
NOTICE
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Rearch Program conducted by the Transportation Rearch Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Rearch Council Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purpos and resources of the National Rearch Council
The members of the technical advisory panel lected to monitor this project and to review this report were chon for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expresd or implied are tho of the rearch agency that performed the rearch, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily tho of the Transportation Rearch Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Rearch Council, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Rearch Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Rearch Council
Special Notice
The Transportation Rearch Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Rearch Council, and the Federal Transit Administration (sponsor of the Transit Cooperative Rearch Program) do not endor products or manufacturers Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely becau they are considered esntial to the clarity and completeness of the project report.
higgs
Published reports of the
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from:
Transportation Rearch Board
bedford
National Rearch Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N W Washington, D C 20418
Printed in the United States of America
PREFACE A vast storehou of information exists on many subjects of concern to the transit industry. This information has resulted from rearch and from the successful application of solutions to problems by
individuals or organizations. There is a continuing need to provide a systematic means for compiling this
information and making it available to the entire transit community in a usable format. The Transit
Cooperative Rearch Program includes a synthesis ries designed to arch for and synthesize uful
down什么意思knowledge from all available sources and to prepare documented reports on current practices in subject
areas of concern to the transit industry.
This synthesis ries reports on various practices, making specific recommendations where appropriate but without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals.
Nonetheless, the documents can rve similar purpos, for each is a compendium of the best
knowledge available on tho measures found to be successful in resolving specific problems. The extent
to which the reports are uful will be tempered by the ur's knowledge and experience in the
particular problem area.
FOREWORD
By Staff Transportation Rearch Board
This synthesis will be of interest to transit agency general managers, as well as operations, scheduling, maintenance, and planning personnel. Information on bus route evaluation standards and criteria ud by transit agencies in the United States and Canada is summarized. The synthesis provides updated information to the 1984 United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) report entitled Bus Service Evaluation Methods: A Review, however, the results are not directly comparable as the respondents, questions asked, and analytical procedures differ in the 1994 synthesis. It does report what agencies do in the area of bus route, not system, evaluation standards, and how they undertake the efforts.
Administrators, practitioners, and rearchers are continually faced with issues or problems on which there is much information, either in the form of reports or in terms of undocumented experience and practice. Unfortunately, this information often is scattered or not readily available in the literature, and, as a conquence, in eking solutions, full information on what has been learned about an issue or problem is not asmbled. Costly rearch findings may go unud, valuable experience may be overlooked, and full consideration may not be given to the available methods of solving or alleviating the issue or problem. In an effort to correct this situation, the Transit
Cooperative Rearch Program (TCRP) Synthesis Project, carried out by the Transportation Rearch Board as the rearch agency, has the objective of reporting on common transit issues and problems and synthesizing available information. The synthesis reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP publication ries in which various forms of relevant information are asmbled into single, conci documents pertaining to a specific or cloly related issue or problem.
This report of the Transportation Rearch Board provides transit agency staff with a compilation of current activity, and data to identify some new standards that have come into play in recent years with regard to route design, schedule design, economics and
