\ \ as a in abut \ \ as u in abut \ \ as e in kitten \ r \ as ur/er in further \ a \ as a in ash \ \ as a in ace \ ä \ as o in mop \ a \ as ou in out \ b \ as in baby \ ch \ as ch in chin \ d \ as 2018奥斯卡d in did \ e \ as e in bet \ \ as ea in easy \ \ as y in easy \ f \ as f in fifty | \ g \ as g in go \ h \ as h in hat \ i \ as i in hit \ \ as i in ice \ j \ as j in job \ k \ as k in kin \ \ as ch in ich dien \ l \ as l in lily \ m \ as m in murmur \ n \ as n in own \ \ as ng in sing \ \ as o in go \ \ as aw in law \ i \ as oy in boy \ p \ as p in pepper | \ r \ as r in red \ s \ as s in less \ sh \ as sh in shy \ t \ as t in tie \ th \ as th in thin \ th \ as th in the \ ü \ as oo in loot \ \ as oo in foot \ v \ as v in vivid \ w \ as w in away \ y \ as y in yet \ yü \ as you in youth \ y \ as u in curable \ z \ as z in zone \ zh \ as si in vision |
Symbol | Explanation |
\ \ | All pronunciation information is printed between reverd virgules. Pronunciation symbols are printed in roman type and all other information, such as labels and notes, is printed in italics. |
\ '" \ | A single stress mark precedes a syllable with primary (strongest) stress; a double mark precedes a syllable with condary (medium) stress; a third level of weak stress requires no mark at all: \'pen-m&n-"ship\. Since the nineteenth century the International Phonetics Association has recommended that stress marks precede the stresd syllable, and linguists worldwide have adopted this practice on the basic principle that before a syllable can be uttered the speaker must know what degree of stress to give it. In accordance with the practice of French phoneticians, no stress marks are shown in the transcription of words borrowed from French who pronunciations have not been anglicized, as at ancien régime and émeute. |
\ - \ | Hyphens are ud to parate syllables in pronunciation transcriptions. In actual speech, of cour, there is no pau between the syllables of a word. The placement of hyphens is bad on phonetic principles, such as vowel length, nasalization, variation due to the position of a consonant in a syllable, and other nuances of the spoken word. The syllable breaks shown in this text reflect the careful pronunciation of a single word out of context. Syllabication tends to change in rapid or running speech: a consonant at the end of a syllable may shift into a following syllable, and unstresd vowels may be elided. The numerous variations in pronunciation that a word may have in running speech are of interest to phoneticians but are well outside the scope of a dictionary of general English. The centered dots in boldface entry words indicate potential end-of-line division points and not syllabication. The division points are determined by considerations of both morphology and pronunciation, among others. A detailed discussion of end-of-line division is contained in the article on Division in Boldface Entry Words in Webster's Third New International Dictionary. In this dictionary a consistent approach has been pursued, both toward word division bad on traditional formulas and toward syllabication bad on phonetic principles. As a result, the hyphens indicating syllable breaks and the centered dots indicating end-of-line division often do not fall in the same places. |
\ ( ) \ | Parenthes are ud in pronunciations to indicate that whatever is symbolized between them is prent in some utterances but not in others; thus factory \'fak-t(&-)rE\ is pronounced both \'fak-t&-rE\ and \'fak-trE\, industry \'in-(")d&s-trE\ is pronounced both \'in-d&s-trE\ and \'in-"d&s-trE\. In some phonetic environments, as in fence \'fen(t)s\ and boil \'boi(&)l\, it may be difficult to determine whether the sound shown in parenthes is or is not prent in a given utterance; even the usage of a single speaker may vary considerably. |
\ , ; \ | embedmovie Variant pronunciations are parated by commas; groups of variants are parated by micolons. The order of variants does not mean that the first is in any way preferable to or more acceptable than the others. All of the variants in this dictionary, except tho restricted by a regional or usage label, are widely ud in acceptable educated speech. If evidence reveals that a particular variant is ud more frequently than another, the former will be given first. This should not, however, prejudice anyone against the cond or subquent variants. In many cas the numerical distribution of variants is equal but one of them, of cour, must appear first. |
\ ÷ \ | The obelus, or division sign, is placed before a pronunciation variant that occurs in educated speech but that is considered by some to be questionable or unacceptable. This symbol is ud sparingly and primarily for variants that have been objected to over a period of time in print by commentators on usage, in schools by teachers, or in correspondence that has come to the Merriam-Webster editorial department. In most cas the objection is bad on orthographic or etymological arguments. For instance, the cond variant of cupola \'kyü-p&-l&, ÷-"lO\, though ud frequently in speech, is objected to becau a is very rarely pronounced \O\ in English. The pronunciations \'fe-by&-"wer-E\ and \'fe-b&-"wer-E\ (indicated simultaneously by the u of parenthes) are similarly marked at the entry for February \÷'fe-b(y)&-"wer-E, 'fe-br&-\, even though they are the most frequently heard pronunciations, becau some people insist that both r's should be pronounced. The obelus applies only to that portion of the transcription which it immediately precedes and not to any other variants following. |
\ & \ | in unstresd syllables as in banana, collide, abut. This neutral vowel, called schwa, may be reprented orthographically by any of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y, and by many combinations of letters. In running speech unstresd vowels are regularly pronounced as \&\ in American and British speech. Unstresd \&\ often intrudes between a stresd vowel and a following \l\ or \r\ though it is not reprented in the spelling, as in eel \'E(&)l\ and sour \'sau(-&)r\. |
\ '&, "& \ | 初中试题in stresd syllables as in humdrum, abut. |
\ & \ | immediately preceding \l\, \n\, \m\, \[ng]\, as in battle, cotton, and one pronunciation of open \'O-p&n\ and of and \&[ng]\ as in one pronunciation of the phra lock and key \"läk-&[ng]-'kE\. The symbol \&\ preceding the consonants does not itlf reprent a sound. It signifies instead that the following consonant is syllabic; that is, the consonant itlf forms the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel. In the pronunciation of some French or French-derived words \&\ is placed immediately after \l\, \m\, \r\ to indicate one nonsyllabic pronunciation of the consonants, as in the French words table "table," prisme "prism," and titre "title," each of which in isolation and in some contexts is a one-syllable word. |
\ &r \ | as in further, merger, bird. (See the ction on \r\.) The anglicized pronunciation of the vowel \œ\ is reprented in this book as \&(r)\. (See the ction on \[oe]\.) |
\ '&r-, '&-r \ | as in two different pronunciations of hurry. Most U.S. speakers pronounce \'h&r-E\ with the \&r\ reprenting the same sounds as in bird \'b&rd\. Usually in metropolitan New York and southern England and frequently in New England and the southeastern U.S. the vowel is much the same as the vowel of hum followed by a syllable-initial variety of \r\. This pronunciation of hurry is reprented as \'h&-rE\ in this dictionary. Both types of pronunciation are shown for words compod of a single meaningful unit (or morpheme) as in current, hurry, and worry. In words such as furry, stirring, and purring in which a vowel or vowel-initial suffix is added to a word ending in r or rr (as fur, stir, and purr), the cond type of pronunciation outlined above is heard only occasionally and is not shown in this dictionary. |
\ a \ | as in mat, map, mad, gag, snap, patch. Some variation in this vowel is occasioned by the consonant that follows it; thus, for some speakers map, mad, and gag have noticeably different vowel sounds. There is a very small number of words otherwi identical in pronunciation that the speakers may distinguish solely by variation of this vowel, as in the two words can (put into cans; be able) in the ntence "Let's can what we can." However, this distinction is sufficiently infrequent that the traditional practice of using a single symbol is followed in this book. |
\ A \ | as in day, fade, date, aorta, drape, cape. In most English speech this is actually a diphthong. In lowland South Carolina, in coastal Georgia and Florida, and occasionally elwhere \A\ is pronounced as a monophthong. As a diphthong \A\ has a first element \e\ or monophthongal \A\ and a cond element \i\. |
\ ä \ | as in bother, cot, and, with most American speakers, father, cart. The symbol \ä\ reprents the vowel of cot, cod, and the stresd vowel of collar in the speech of tho who pronounce this vowel differently from the vowel in caught, cawed, and caller, reprented by \o\. In U.S. speech \ä\ is pronounced with little or no rounding of the lips, and it is fairly long in duration, especially before voiced consonants. In southern England \ä\ is usually accompanied by some lip rounding and is relatively short in duration. The vowel \o\ generally has appreciable lip rounding. Some U.S. speakers (a perhaps growing minority) do not distinguish between cot--caught, cod--cawed元旦晚会策划, and collar--caller, usually becau they lack or have less lip rounding in the words transcribed with \o\. Though the symbols \ä\ and \o\ are ud throughout this dictionary to distinguish the members of the above pairs and similar words, the speakers who rhyme the pairs will automatically reproduce a sound that is consistent with their own speech. In words such as card and cart most U.S. speakers have a quence of sounds that we transcribe as \är\. Most speakers who do not pronounce \r\ before another consonant or a pau, however, do not rhyme card with either cod or cawed and do not rhyme cart with either cot or caught. The pronunciation of card and cart by such speakers, although not shown in this dictionary, would be transcribed as \'k[a']d\ and \'k[a']t\. Speakers of r-dropping dialects will automatically substitute \[a']\ for the transcribed \är\. (See the ctions on \[a']\ and \r\.) instrument |
\ [a'] \ | as in father as pronounced by tho who do not rhyme it with bother. The pronunciation of this vowel varies regionally. In eastern New England and southern England it is generally pronounced farther forward in the mouth than \ä\ but not as far forward as \a\. In New York City and the southeastern U.S. it may have much the same quality as \ä\ but somewhat greater duration. In areas in which \r\ is not pronounced before another consonant or a pau, \[a']\ occurs for the quence transcribed in this book as \är\. (See the ctions on \ä\ and \r\.) In the areas \[a']\ also occurs with varying frequency in a small group of words in which a in the spelling is followed by a consonant letter other than r and is not preceded by w or wh, as in father, calm, palm, and tomato but not in watch, tribunalwhat, or swap (though \[a']\ does sometimes occur in waft). Especially in southern England and, less consistently, in eastern New England \[a']\ occurs in certain words in which \a\ is the usual American vowel and in most of which the vowel is followed by \f\, \th\, \s\, or by \n\ and another consonant, as in the words after, bath, mask, and slant. The symbol \[a']\ is also ud in the transcription of some foreign-derived words and names. This vowel, as in French patte "paw" and chat "cat," is intermediate between \a\ and \ä\ and is similar in quality to the \[a']\ heard in eastern New England. |
\ au \ | as in now, loud, out. The initial element of this diphthong may vary from \a\ to \[a']\ or \ä\, the first being more common in Southern and south Midland speech than elwhere. In coastal areas of the southern U.S. and in parts of Canada this diphthong is often realized as \&u\ when immediately preceding a voiceless consonant, as in the noun hou and in out. |
\ b \ | as in baby, rib. |
\ ch \ | as in chin, nature \'nA-ch&r\. Actually, this sound is \t\ + \sh\. The distinction between the phras why choo and white shoes is maintained by a difference in the syllabication of the \t\ and the \sh\ in each ca and the conquent u of different varieties (or allophones) of \t\. |
\ d \ | as in did, adder. (See the ction on \t\ below for a discussion of the flap allophone of \d\.) |
\ e \ | as in bet, bed, peck. In Southern and Midland dialects this vowel before nasal consonants often has a raid articulation that approximates \i\, so that pen has nearly the pronunciation \'pin\. |
\ 'E, "E\ | in stresd syllables as in beat, nobleed, evenly, easy. |
\ E \ | in unstresd syllables, as in easy, mealy. Though the fact is not shown in this book, some dialects such as southern British and southern U.S. often, if not usually, pronounce \i\ instead of unstresd \E\. |
\ f \ | as in fifty, cuff. |
\ 广州西点培训学校g \ | as in go, big, gift. |
\ h \ | as in hat, ahead. |
\ hw \ | as in whale as pronounced by tho who do not have the same pronunciation for both whale and wail. Most U.S. speakers distinguish the two words as \'hwA(&)l\ and \'wA(&)l\ respectively, though frequently in the U.S. and usually in southern England \'wA(&)l\ is ud for both. Some linguists consider \hw\ to be a single sound, a voiceless \w\. |
\ i \ | as in tip, banish, active. |
\ I \ | as in site, side, buy, tripe. Actually, this sound is a diphthong, usually compod of \ä\ + \i\ or \[a']\ + \i\. In Southern speech, especially before a pau or voiced consonant, as in shy and five, the cond element \i\ may not be pronounced. Chiefly in eastern Virginia, coastal South Carolina, and parts of Canada the diphthong is approximately \'&\ + \i\ before voiceless consonants, as in nice and write. |
\ j \ | as in job, gem, edge, join, judge. Actually, this sound is \d\ + \zh\. Assuming the anglicization of Jeanne d'Arc as \zhän-'därk\, the distinction between the ntences They betray John Dark and They betrayed Jeanne d'Arc is maintained by a difference in the syllabication of the \d\ and the \zh\ in each ca and the conquent u of different varieties (or allophones) of \d\. |
\ k \ | as in kin, cook, ache. |
\ [k] \ | as in German ich "I," Buch "book," and one pronunciation of English loch. Actually, there are two distinct sounds in German; the \k\ in ich is pronounced toward the front of the mouth and the \[k]\ in Buch is pronounced toward the back. In English, however, no two words otherwi identical are distinguished by the two varieties of \[k]\, and therefore only a single symbol is necessary. |
\ l \ | as in lily, pool. In words such as battle and fiddle the \l\ is a syllabic consonant. (See the ction on \&\ above.) |
\ m \ | as in murmur, dim, nymph. In pronunciation variants of some words, such as open and happen, \m\ is a syllabic consonant. (See the ction on \&\ above.) |
\ n \ | as in no, own. In words such as cotton and sudden, the \n\ is a syllabic consonant. (See the ction on \&\ above.) |
\ [n] \ | indicates that a preceding vowel or diphthong is pronounced with the nasal passages open, as in French un bon vin blanc\[oe][n]-bo[n]-va[n]-blä[n]\ "a good white wine." |
\ [ng] \ | as in sing \'si[ng]\, singer \'si[ng]-&r\, finger \'fi[ng]-g&r\, ink \'i[ng]k\. In some rare contexts \[ng]\ may be a syllabic consonant. (See the ction on \&\ above.) |
\ O \ | as in bone, know, beau. Especially in positions of emphasis, such as when it is word final or when as primary stress, \O\ tends to become diphthongal, moving from \O\ toward a cond element \u\. In southern England and in some U.S. speech, particularly in the Philadelphia area and in the Pennsylvania-Ohio-West Virginia border area, the first element is often approximately \&\. In coastal South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida stresd \O\ is often monophthongal when final, but when a consonant follows it is often a diphthong moving from \O\ to \&\. In this book the symbol \O\ reprents all of the above variants. As an unstresd vowel before another vowel, \O\ is often pronounced as a schwa with slight lip rounding that is parated from the following vowel by the glide \w\, as in following \'fä-l&-wi[ng]\. This reduced variant is not usually shown at individual entries. |
\ o \ | as in saw, all, gnaw, caught. (See the ction on \ä\.) |
\ [oe] \ | as in French boeuf "beef," German Hölle "hell." This vowel, which occurs only in foreign-derived terms and names, can be approximated by attempting to pronounce the vowel \e\ with the lips moderately rounded as for the vowel \u\. This vowel is often anglicized as the \&r\ of bird by tho who do not "drop their r's" or as the corresponding vowel of bird ud by tho who do (e the ction on \r\). Where this anglicization is shown, it is reprented as \&(r)\. |
\ [OE] \ | as in French feu "fire," German Höhle "hole." This vowel, which occurs primarily in foreign-derived terms and names, can be approximated by attempting to pronounce a monophthongal vowel \A\ with the lips fully rounded as for the vowel \ü\. This vowel also occurs in Scots and thus is ud in the pronunciation of guidwillie, mainly restricted to Scotland. ironing |
\ oi \ | as in coin, destroy. In some Southern speech, especially before a consonant in the same word, the cond element may disappear or be replaced by \&\. Some utterances of drawing and sawing have a quence of vowel sounds identical to that in coin, but becau drawing and sawing are analyzed by many as two-syllable words they are transcribed with a parenthesized hyphen: \'dro(-)i[ng]\, \'so(-)i[ng]\. |
\ p \ | as in pepper, lip. |
\ r \ | as in red, rarity, car, beard. What is transcribed here as \r\ in reality reprents veral distinct sounds. Before a stresd vowel \r\ denotes a continuant produced with the tongue tip slightly behind the teethridge. This sound is usually voiceless when it follows a voiceless stop, as in pray, tree, and cram. After a vowel in the same syllable \r\ is most often a mivowel characterized by retroflexion of the tongue tip. The quences \ar\, \är\, \er\, \ir\, \or\, \ur\, and \&r\ may then be considered diphthongs. In some speech the retroflexion of the \r\ occurs throughout the articulation of the vowel, but in other cas the first vowel glides into a retroflex articulation. In the latter cas a brief transition vowel is sometimes heard; this variable and nondistinctive glide is not transcribed in this book, but is considered implicit in the symbol \r\. In Received Pronunciation \r\ is sometimes pronounced as a flap in the same contexts in which \t\ and \d\ occur as flaps in American English. (See the ction on \t\ below.) Occasionally the flap may be heard after consonants, as in bright and grow. In other dialects of British English, particularly Scottish, \r\ may be pronounced as an alveolar trill or as a uvular trill. In some dialects, especially tho of the southeastern U.S., eastern New England, New York City, and southern England, \r\ is not pronounced after a vowel in the same syllable. This is often, if somewhat misleadingly, referred to as r-dropping. In the dialects r is pronounced as a nonsyllabic \&\ when it occurs in the positions or there may be no sound corresponding to the r, thus beard, corn, and assured may be pronounced as \'bi&d\, \'ko&n\, and \&-'shu&d\ or, usually with some lengthening of the vowel sound, as \'bid\, \'kon\, and \&-'shud\. In car, card, and cart tho who do not pronounce \r\ generally have a vowel which we would transcribe as \A\, usually pronounced with some lengthening and without a following \&\. (See the ctions on \ä\ and \A\.) The stresd vowel of bird and hurt in r-dropping speech is similar to the vowel ud by r-keepers in the same words but without the simultaneous raising of the center and/or tip of the tongue. In the U.S. most speakers of r-dropping dialects will pronounce \r\ before consonants in some words or in some contexts. Becau it is determined by the phonetic context, r-dropping is not explicitly reprented in this dictionary; speakers of r-dropping dialects will automatically substitute the sounds appropriate to their own speech. |
\ s \ | as in source, less. |
\ sh \ | as in shy, mission, machine, special. Actually, this is a single sound, not two. When the two sounds \s\ and \h\ occur in quence, they are parated by a hyphen in this book, as in grasshopper \'gras-"hä-p&r\. |
\ t \ | as in tie, attack, late, later, latter. In some contexts, as when a stresd or unstresd vowel precedes and an unstresd vowel or \&l\ follows, the sound reprented by t or tt is pronounced in most American speech as a voiced flap produced by the tongue tip tapping the teethridge. In similar contexts the sound reprented by d or dd has the same pronunciation. Thus, the pairs ladder and latter, leader and liter, parody and parity are often homophones. At the end of a syllable \t\ often has an incomplete articulation with no relea, or it is accompanied or replaced by a glottal closure. When \t\ occurs before the syllabic consonant \&n\ as in button \'b&-t&n\, the glottal allophone is often heard. This may reflect a syllabication of \t\ with the preceding stresd syllable (i.e., \'b&t-&n\). |
\ th \ | as in thin, ether. Actually, this is a single sound, not two. When the two sounds \t\ and \h\ occur in quence they are parated by a hyphen in this book, as in knighthood \'nIt-"hud\. |
\ [th] \ | as in then, either, this. Actually, this is a single sound, not two. The difference between \th\ and \[th]\ is that the former is pronounced without and the latter with vibration of the vocal cords. |
\ ü \ | as in rule, youth, union \'yün-y&n\, few \'fyü\. As an unstresd vowel before another vowel, \ü\ is often pronounced as a schwa with slight lip rounding that is parated from the following vowel by the glide \w\, as valuing \'val-y&-wi[ng]\. This reduced variant is not usually shown at individual entries. Younger speakers of American English often u a more centralized and less rounded pronunciation of \ü\ in certain words (as news and musician), both in stresd and especially in unstresd syllables. |
\ u \ | as in pull, wood, book, curable \'kyur-&-b&l\, fury \'fyur-E\. |
\ [ue] \ | as in German füllen "to fill," hübsch "handsome." This vowel, which occurs only in foreign-derived terms and names, can be approximated by attempting to pronounce the vowel \i\ with the lips moderately rounded as for the vowel \u\. |
\ [UE] \ | as in French rue "street," German fühlen "to feel." This vowel, which occurs only in foreign-derived terms and names, can be approximated by attempting to pronounce the vowel \E\ with the lips fully rounded as for the vowel \ü\. |
\ v \ | as in vivid, invite. |
\ w \ | as in we, away. |
\ y \ | as in yard, young, cue \'kyü\, curable \'kyur-&-b&l\, few \'fyü\, fury \'fyur-E\, union \'yün-y&n\. The quences \lyü\, \syü\, and \zyü\ in the same syllable, as in lewd, suit, and presume, are common in southern British speech but are rare in American speech and only \lü\, \sü\, and \zü\ are shown in this dictionary. A quence of \h\ and \y\ as in hue and huge is pronounced by some speakers as a \[k]\ articulated toward the front of the mouth. In English \y\ does not occur at the end of a syllable after a vowel. In a few words of French origin who pronunciation has not been anglicized, a postvocalic \y\ is transcribed, as in mille-feuille \mEl-f[oe]y\ and in rouille \'rü-E, French rüy\. The sound reprented is the consonantal \y\ of yard. |
\ [y] \ | indicates that during the articulation of the preceding consonant the tongue has substantially the position it has for the articulation of the \y\ of yard, as in French digne \dEn[y]\ "worthy." Thus [y] does not itlf reprent a sound but rather modifies the preceding symbol. |
\ z \ | as in zone, rai. |
选课英文\ zh \ | 报考消防工程师需要满足哪些条件as in vision, azure \'a-zh&r\. Actually, this is a single sound, not two. When the two sounds \z\ and \h\ occur in quence, they are parated by a hyphen in this book, as in hogshead \'hogz-"hed, 'hägz-\. |
本文发布于:2023-07-19 17:32:11，感谢您对本站的认可！
本文链接：https://www.wtabcd.cn/fanwen/fan/78/1105425.html
版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系，我们将在24小时内删除。
| 留言与评论（共有 0 条评论） |
