“统领全局〞之雅思阅读标题题
朗阁海外考试研究中心 赵岩
在雅思阅读中，标题题相较于其他题型在出题形式上存在两个独特性：heading是阅读中唯一一种设置在文章前面的题型；亦是唯一一种不需要细节定位的题型。因此，考生应注意不要遗漏位于文章前的heading或把heading题目与其前一篇文章相对应。另外，heading题目不考察考生们的定位才能，对于考生就文章段落的理解要求相对高一些，即考察考生对于某些起到统领作用句子的理解及归纳才能。另外，heading还存在混淆项的陷阱以及对于英文逻辑感的考察。笔者根据多年教学理论发现，很多情况下考生选错一个选项会导致标题题全盘皆错。下面朗阁海外考试研究中心的教师将带着考生们一起理解一下标题题的出题特点及应对方法。
一、heading题的出题规律及考察点
1、题目考察段落整体内容的概括而非某处细节或例子，考察考生的理解及归纳才能并非推理才能。很多情况下，考生并没有基于句子本身回选项中对应答案而是按照自己对于句子内容的推论挑选答案，导致选错选项或题目选项中并无对应项，从而去naj“随意〞蒙一个答案。
苏州高博培训
例1：
Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world's population still suffers, with water rvices inferior to tho available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation rvices. Preventable water-related dias kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve the problems.〔剑7〕
分析：本段一开头提到现代用水存在缺陷，段中进一步展开描绘缺陷的详细表现及导致的后果：造成孩子死亡。对应的正确标题应为The relevance to health。但很多考生会根据段落内容推出自己的理解：因为文中提到了缺陷与缺乏因此应该改变这种现状，在答案选择中忽略了文中的本意而导致选错答案。
2、标题题对应的滑冰的英文>劝说口语交际段落构造通常可分为两种：大局部段落首句或第二句或最后一句为主旨句，根据主旨句即可对应答案；小局部段落无明显主旨句，需要通读全段理解段落核心意
思。
例1：
Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon2012高考语文试卷及答案. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages becau the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It , 'we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory rearch.〔剑8〕
分析：该段首句为主旨句
例2：
On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to lo
cal people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects em warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.〔剑7〕
分析：该段第二句为主旨句
例3：
A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional respons. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and 失败者英语dislikes were bad on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and tho that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consist
decision makings not only of the nsation of the odours themlves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.〔剑8〕
分析：该段最后一句为主旨句
例4：
The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular esaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The esaw brought cycles of intenly cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, an
d frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.〔剑8〕遑论的意思
分析：该段无明显主旨句，需把握整段文章表达的内容。
3、文章段落之间具有构造性，符合英文写作逻辑。例如，文章通常先对某事件进展描绘，再给出此事件的原因，再写针对此事件的解决方法或结论等。理解构造性可以针对选项做出预判，也可以帮助考生对文章整体脉络做出正确把握。
例1. 标题选项之间表达构造性：
选项An explanation for reduced water u与选项A surprising downward trend in demand for water, 选项针对的事物都是水需求或水使用的下降，前者是现象出现的原因，后者是描绘水需求下降的现象，因此可以判断在文中前者标题对应的段落应位于后者标题对应的heads up 翻译段落之后。
例2：
The results of the rearch into blood-variants对应的段落应位于How analysis of blood-variants measures the cloness of the relationship between different populationslabel是什么意思对应的段落之下。
例3. 段落首句表达与其上段的逻辑：
The conquences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little warning or compensation - to make way for the rervoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered becau dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elwhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to rai local, national and even international tensions.〔剑7〕
