ri是什么意思现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are ud in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.学日语有前途吗
4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: 摩登家庭大结局The study of meaning in language is called mantics. For example,:The a养护头发
l could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The al could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word al means different things.
7 Pragmatics: harmonizeThe study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.
8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.
9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.
二 音系学
1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are ud in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.
3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we u when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or gement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.
4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. mezz
5 allophone: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: The two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stresd, it means that the syllable is prou
nced with great force than the other or others.
9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caud by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a supragemental feature.
10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}
三 形态学
1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
查英语单词
3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.
implicit4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by themlces or in combination with other morphemes.
6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root: A root is often en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.homework的音标
10 suffix: just so you knowSuffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cas change its part of speech.
11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.
