语言学教程（第四版）测试题
Quiz 1 Lexicon
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or fal:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. T
2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. F
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the
study of morphology. T
4. The smallest meaningful units that can be ud freely all by themlves are free morphemes. T
5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. T
6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as
number, ten, degree, and ca. T
7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound
root or a free morpheme. F
8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. F
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9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.
Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. F
10. Loanwords are: both form and meaning are borrowed. T
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning.
13. Bound morphemes are tho that cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other
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morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.gwd
14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
15. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may ca
change its part of speech.
17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called
morphological rules.
19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to
form new words.
巴西世界杯冠军20. A stem can be a bound root or a free morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _____.
suntA. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning
国庆节快乐英语怎么写of a compound _____.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phra
D. None of the above
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _____.
A. the first element
B. the cond element
C. either the first or the cond element
D. both the first and the cond elements
24. _____ are tho that cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,
either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. mantic
27. Bound morphemes are tho that _____.
A. have to be ud independently
B. cannot be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes
28. _____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original
word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is _____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
31. morphology: Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed.
32. morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
33. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be ud independently but
have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
34. root: A root is the ba form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its
meaning.
35. stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be
added, like Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships.
V. Answer the following question:
36. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
In terms of their capacity of occurring alone, morphemes can be categorized into 2 types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by themlves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
Bound morphemes: They are tho that cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinf
orm”. Derivational affixes can also be d ivided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such
as “-less” in the word “friendless”.
Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.
A root is the ba form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning. Inter-nation-al-ism
An affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be ud only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affix is naturally bound. Affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, prefix, suffix, and infix.
Prefix: para-, mini- un-
Suffix: -i, -tion
Infix: abso-bloomingly-lutely
A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships
Quiz 2 Syntax
I. Choo the best answer.
1. Relation of co-occurrence is _____.
A. only syntagmatic
B. only paradigmatic
C. complex
D. both syntagmatic and paradigmatic
2. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
3. The _____ rules are the rules that group words and phras to form grammatical ntences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. syntactic
4. A ntence is considered _____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge.
A. right
tray是什么意思B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
5. Several constituents together form a _____.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. construction
6. Phrasal constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category.
Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding of one clau into another clau. This is the _____ properties of ntences.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Syntax allows us to better understand _____.
A. how words and phras form ntences
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible ntences
D. all of the above
8. The head of the phra “the handsome boy” is _____.
A. handsome
B. boy
C. the
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D. the handsome boy
9. The phra “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The ntence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expo themlves.” is a _____
ntence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. subordinate
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or fal.
11. The phra of swimming in the lake is headed,the head is swimming. T
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of
ntences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T
13. In a compound ntence, the two claus hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T
14. Tag question always contains a pronoun which refers back to the subject, and never to any other
element in the ntence. T
15. Predicate is the major constituent of ntence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory
constituent other than the subject. T
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discusd,
namely, noun phra, verb phra, infinitive phra, and auxiliary phra. F
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T
18. The disadvantage of IC Analysis is that it cannot reveal some ambiguities effectively. F
19. A noun phra must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T
20. Endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more
of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which rves as a definable CENTRE or HEAD.
T
III. Fill in the blanks.
21. A simple ntence consists of a single clau which contains a subject and a predicate and stands
alone as its own ntence.
22. A ntence is a structurally independent unit that usually compris a number of words to form a
complete statement, question or command.
23. A subject may be a noun or a noun phra in a ntence that usually precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a ntence which compris a finite verb or a verb phra and which says something
about the subject is grammatically called predicate.
25. A complex ntence contains two, or more, claus, one of which is incorporated into the other.
26. In the complex ntence, the incorporated or subordinate clau is normally called an embedded
clau.
27. A class item can perform veral functions, and a function can be fulfilled by veral class.
28. Phra is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the
subject-predicate structure typical of claus.
29. A constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger ntence, is a clau.
30. A ntence is the minimum part of language that express a complete thought
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.
31. syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form ntences in a
language, or simply, the study of the formation of ntences.
32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a
ntence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phras), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents (theoretically, morpheme; practically, word) are reached.
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33. cohesion: Cohesion is a concept to do with discour or text rather than with syntax. It refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.
34. category: Narrowly, the class and functions, e.g. n., v.; subject, predicate; NP, VP, etc.
More specifically, the defining properties of the general units:
hipsn.: gender, number, ca and countability, etc.
v.: ten, aspect and voice, etc.
V. Answer the following questions.
35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
An endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which rves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction who distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36. Distingu ish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.
(1) more beautiful flowers
(2) more beautiful flowers
VI. Analyze the following situation.
37. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in the following ntence.
The lonely boy in the bedroom was crying silently.
((The) (((lonely) (boy)) ((in) ((the) (bedroom))))) ((was) ((crying) (silently))).
Quiz 3 Semantics
I. Choo the best answer.
1. The 7 types of meaning are propod by _____.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
2. _____ meaning is also called cognitive meaning.
A. Conceptual
B. Connotative
C. Stylistic
D. Reflected
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Referential Theory is the theory of meaning, which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it
refers to.
B. Sen refers to the properties an entity has.
C. Reference refers to the concrete entity having the properties.
D. Every word has a n, and every word has a reference
4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presuppos
5. _____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be discted into meaning components, called
mantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
6. “Alive” and “dead” are _____.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
7. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sen
8. Words that are opposite in meaning are _____.
A. antonymy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
