一绪论
1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language
2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are ud in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.
4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called mantics. For example,:The al could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The al could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word al means different things.
7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.
8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.
9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.
二 音系学
暮光之城3剧情1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are ud in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.
3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we u when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or gement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.
石帆
4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
5 allophone: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: The two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.
jacal
7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stresd, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.
9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caud by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a supragemental feature.
10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in is
olation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like
English
三 形态学
1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 天津hr培训
3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.
4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by themlces or in combination with other morphemes.
6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root: A root is often en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cas change its part of speech.
11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.
四 句法学
1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 ntence : A ntence is a structurally independent unit that usually compris a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.
3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic reprentation of a ntence.
4 D-structure : A ntence may have two levels of syntactic reprentation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, the two syntactic reprentation are commonly termed as D-structure.
5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phra structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а
五 语义学
1 mantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
2 n : Sen is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the r
eal, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or clo similarity of meaning. Words that are clo in meaning are called synonymy.
5 polymy : Polymy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polymic word.
6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the n relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
武汉英语翻译9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was propod by structural manticists.
10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a ntence refers to its its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of antence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
11 mantic meaning : The mantic meaning of a ntence is governed by rules called lectional restrictions.
12 predication : In mantic analysis of a ntence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a ntence.
六 语用学
1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication.
2 context: The notion of context is esntial to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
3 utterance meaning: Utterance is bad on ntence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a ntence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phras,claus. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.
5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.
6 perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the conquence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something
海峡两岸的交往
七 历史语言学
1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.
2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel gement, a phenomenon called apocope.
3 epenthesis: A change that involves the inrtion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.
4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.
5 compounding: Compounding is a p
rocess of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.
7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.
8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.
9 mantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..
10 mantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
11 mantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of mantic change in which a word los its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.
12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.
13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a ries of phonemes.
八 社会语言学
1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.
2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.
3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech ud by a speaker or group of speakers.
4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choo a particular speech variety and spread the u of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.
one的序数词5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.
6 standard language: The standard language is a superpod, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,ud by the mass media.
7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.
8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that rves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diver linguistic backgrounds.
9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally ud by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.
10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.
11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.
12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are ud either by an individual or by a group of spea
kers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.
14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language ud by people belonging to particular social class.
15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for u in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of
their customary urs. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
16 slang: Slang is a causal u of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general u.
18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
九 心理语言学 服装设计师
1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the interction of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.
3月英文2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.
3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.
出差工作总结报告4 linguistic lateralization: In their rearch of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.
5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from rearches in dichotic listening tasks
6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than tho heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.
7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.
8 linguistic determinism: Whorf propod first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on lang
uage. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.
9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is
