新手上路驾驶技巧CALIFORNIA
ENERGY
COMMISSION
A GUIDE TO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)
SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
JUNE 2001
500-01-020
C O N S U L T A N T R E P O R T
Gray Davis,
Governor
A GUIDE TO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
Prepared for:
California Energy Commission
Energy Technology Development Division
1516 Ninth Street
Sacramento, California 95814
Prepared by:
Endecon Engineering
347 Norris Court
San Ramon, California 94583
拉丁舞培训
with
Regional Economic Rearch, Inc.
1104 Main Street, Suite 630
Vancouver, Washington 98660
Version 1.0
June 14, 2001
PREFACE
The California Energy Commission is providing this guide as an information resource to tho installing photovoltaic (PV) systems under the Emerging Renewables Buydown Program. This is the first published draft of this guide and reprents the current state-of-the-art in PV system installation. Revisions will be made to the document as necessary to address suggestions made by urs of the guide. If anyone has suggestions on how to make this guide more uful, plea do not hesitate to nd tho suggestions to the California Energy Commission. We hope that this guide is a worthwhile addition to the resources available for installers and look forward to your constructive comments for continued improvements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION (4)
1.1. Basic Principles to Follow When Designing a Quality PV System (4)
1.2. Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System (4)
SECTION 2: SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (5)
2.1 Typical System Designs and Options (5)
2.1.1. Grid-Interactive Only (No Battery Backup) (5)
2.1.2. Grid-Interactive With Battery Backup (5)
2.2. Mounting Options (6)
2.2.1. Roof mount (6)
2.2.2. Shade Structure (7)
2.2.3. Building-Integrated PV Array (BIPV) (7)
2.3 Estimating System Output (8)
2.3.1. Factors Affecting Output (8)
2.3.2. Estimating System Energy Output (9)
2.4. Installation Labor Effort (10)
2.5. Incentives to Reduce Costs (10)
2.6. Estimating Electrical Energy Savings (10)
2.7. Supplier and System Qualifications (10)
2.7.1. Pre-Engineered Systems (10)
2.7.2. Warranties (11)
2.7.3. Company Reputation (years in business, previous projects) (11)
2.8. Overall Project Coordination (12)
2.8.1. Utility Considerations (12)
noother2.8.2. Acceptance of Systems (performance evaluation) (12)
2.8.3. System Documentation (12)
2.8.4. System Monitoring (12)
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2.9. References (13)
SECTION 3: SYSTEM INSTALLATION (14)
3.1. General Recommendations (14)
3.1.1. Materials recommendations (14)投档了一定会被录取吗
3.1.2. Equipment recommendations and installation methods (14)
pitchblack3.2. PV System Design And Installation (14)
3.2.1. Preparation Pha (14)
3.2.2. Design Pha (15)
3.2.3. Installation Pha (16)
3.2.4. Maintenance and Operation Pha (19)
SECTION 4: SOLAR ELECTRIC (PV) SYSTEM INSTALLATION CHECKLIST (20)
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APPENDIX (25)
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) power systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. A residential PV power system enables a homeowner to generate some or all of their daily electrical energy demand on their own roof, exchanging daytime excess power for future energy needs (i.e. nighttime usage). The hou remains connected to the electric utility at all times, so any power needed above what the solar system can produce is simply drawn from the utility. PV systems can also include battery backup or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) capability to operate lected circuits in the residence for hours or days during a utility outage.
The purpo of this document is to provide tools and guidelines for the installer to help ensure that residential photovoltaic power systems are properly specified and installed, resulting in a system that operates to its design potential. This document ts out key criteria that describe a quality system, and key design and installation considerations that should be met to achieve this goal. This document deals with systems located on residences that are connected to utility power, and does not address the special issues of homes that are remote from utility power.
In this early stage of marketing solar electric power systems to the residential market, it is advisable for an installer to work with well established firms that have complete, pre-engineered packaged solutions that accommodate variations in models, rather than custom designing custom systems. Once a system design has been chon, attention to installation detail is critically important. Recent studies have found that 10-20% of new PV installations have rious installation problems that will result in significantly decread performance. In many of the cas, the performance shortfalls could have been eliminated with proper attention to the details of the installation.
1.1. Basic Principles to Follow When Designing a Quality PV System
1. Select a packaged system that meets the owner's needs. Customer criteria for a system may include
reduction in monthly electricity bill, environmental benefits, desire for backup power, initial budget
constraints, etc. Size and orient the PV array to provide the expected electrical power and energy.
优能中学2. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size.
3. Specify sunlight and weather resistant materials for all outdoor equipment.
afl4. Locate the array to minimize shading from foliage, vent pipes, and adjacent structures.
5. Design the system in compliance with all applicable building and electrical codes.
6. Design the system with a minimum of electrical loss due to wiring, fus, switches, and inverters.
7. Properly hou and manage the battery system, should batteries be required.
8. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements.
1.2. Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System
1. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size.
2. If roof mounted, verify that the roof is capable of handling additional weight of PV system. Augment roof
structure as necessary.
3. Properly al any roof penetrations with roofing industry approved aling methods.
4. Install equipment according to manufacturers specifications, using installation requirements and
procedures from the manufacturers' specifications.
国防大学录取分数线5. Properly ground the system parts to reduce the threat of shock hazards and induced surges.
6. Check for proper PV system operation by following the checkout procedures on the PV System
Installation Checklist.
7. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements
8. Have final inspections completed by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) and the utility (if required).
