科学论⽂类型分类
（letter,perspective,focus,article）以及影。。。关于论⽂⽂章类型的叙述letter, perspective, focus, article等的不同：
写论⽂就会经常好奇，你也发论⽂，我也发论⽂，为何不同的论⽂级别不同？同级别的论⽂⾥⼜有不同的⽂章类型，到底都是怎么回事⼉呢？
⼀般发表分为三个等级：Poster、Proceedings、Journal（依次NB起来）
Poster直译就是海报。⼀个学术会议举⾏以后，⼤家会⾸先在报告厅⾥听paper，听完报告散场以后，会有个展⽰厅，⾥⾯放满了海报。海报就是海报（废话），⼀张⼤⼤的纸，上⾯⽤简单的图形和⼀些⽂字叙述下你的研究内容，你站在海报旁边，当与会者对你的东西有兴趣的时候，你就给他讲⼀讲。
Proceedings直译为会议记录，感觉挺低端的吧，是不是⼩编去开会在⼀旁⼀边在那⼉写⼤家说的话呢？不是的哈。其实Proceedings是最⼴泛的论⽂集，⼤多数说⾃⼰写了Paper（论⽂）的⼈，其实都是写的Proceedings。参加⼀个Conference（会议，或者说学术报告会）之前，你得交⼀篇Paper，如果成功被接收，那么就会收录在Proceedings⾥⾯，这个Proceedings就是⼀本书，⾥⾯放满了Paper。但是交完以后并没有结束，还得去Conference上给⼤家讲⼀遍你的研究。
ro浆糊
Journal直译为期刊，这可不是什么⼉童期刊，⼀⽉⼀本的漫画之类的东西。它有多NB呢？你在Journal上如果成功发2篇Paper，那么你就可以博⼠毕业了。许多博⼠延期2、3年甚⾄4、5年才毕业，就是因为研究成果不够达到在Journal上发Paper的资格，得磕破了头继续研究。Journal审核⼗分严格，⽽且审核周期⾮常漫长，不是⼀般随随便便的研究能够发表的。同样叫Paper，所以⼀定要搞清楚是Proceeding还是Journal上的Paper了哈。
“Journal期刊：刊登关于某特殊主题的⽂章的期刊
magazine杂志：综合性内容的期刊
transactions(学会等的)议事录，会报，会刊
proceedings记录, 会议录; 年[学]报; (科学⽂献)汇编
letter 可以是简短的学术报告，例如对别⼈发表的论⽂在验证上提出疑议
⼆、IEEE分类
IEEE的paper⼤体分为3类，letter,magazine,journal/transaction.
IEEE letter：属于快报形式，⼀般发表最新的研究成果，⽂章要求短⼩，理论推导要求不⾼。
IEEE Magazine：这才是属于杂志类，⼀般要求⽤⽂字和图表来表述些最新研究成果，不允许有过多的公式推导
IEEE Jour/Trans：这两个属于同⼀类，期刊杂志，但两者⾯向的读者和表达⽅式上略有不同。两者都需要有很⼤的创新点，和⽐较详细的公式推导。
Trans：具体到⼀个相对较细的专业⽅向上，如IEEE Trans. Sign.Proc.。
⽽jour:⾯向的读者群却更加⼴泛，如IEEE J-SAC，所以jour需要对背景知识有更加全⾯的介绍。虽然jour没有trans.的专注度⾼，但是其理论深度的要求也很⾼，⽽且其影响因⼦往往远远⾼于Trans.”
国内应聘⾼校职位的时候，对⾃⼰发过的论⽂分类常有以下检索：
SCI检索
EI检索
ISTP
SSCI
boisterous
CSSCI
CSCD
中⽂核⼼期刊
《科技会议录索引》（简称ISTP）创刊于1978年，由美国科学情报研究所出版，ISTP（Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings）国内也叫
它CPCI（Conference Proceedings Citation Index）。《⼯程索引》（简称EI）创刊于1884年，国际核⼼EI检索是美国⼯程信息公司（Engineering information Inc.）出版的著名⼯程技术类综合性检索⼯具。
是美国Thomson Reuters公司基于WEB开发的产品，Web of Science包括SCI、SSCI、A&HCI、CPCI（原ISTP）和CPCI-SSH及两个化学数据库（CCR、IC），以ISI Web of Knowledge作为检索平台。
于是Journal⾥⾯还有不同⽂章类型的分类，下⾯是nature期刊⽹站搜索时提供的分类：
以下⽂章引⽤⾃——
Original rearch (submissions welcome)
In Nature journals, original rearch is published either as an Article, Letter, Resource (prents a large datat of broad ufulness, interest and significance) Brief Communication or Technical Report. Nature does not publish the Brief Communication, Resource or Technical Report format. In Nature, there are fewer Articles published per week (typically around 3) than there are Letters (typically around 17).
Some, but not all, Articles and Letters are published online before they appear in the print edition of the journal (AOP, or Advance Online Publication). The Nature provides detailed information about the categories.
In the Nature monthly journals, rearch is published as Articles, all of which are published online ahead of the print editions. Some, but not all of the monthly journals publish rearch in Letter, Resource, Brief Communication or Technical Report format. Each journal describes the content type it publishes in its own guide to authors.
... ... （）
1.4 Other contributions to Nature
黑板的英语怎么说
Plea access the pages for further details on any of the contribution types below.
News and Comment
Correspondence
Obituaries
Opinion
Books & Arts
Futures
News & Views
Insights, Reviews and Perspectives
Analysis
送友人 李白
Hypothesis
Careers
Technology Features
Outlooks
上⾯⽂章引⽤⾃——
以下⽂章引⽤⾃——
bak
New Journal of Chemistry publishes:
Full papers
Letters
flowerpot
Perspectives
Focus articles
See more information about the article types晨读英语美文100篇
bentFull papers
Full papers contain original and significant work that is likely to be of wide general appeal or exceptional interest in its specialid area. However, work that has appeared in print in a short form such as an NJC Letter or Chemical communication is normally acceptable.
Letters
NJC Letters are conci articles that report results of immediate interest to the chemistry community; they may be complete publications, though a subquent paper may be justified, and should contain a brief experimental ction.
Perspectives
Perspectives are brief reviews giving the personal viewpoint of a leading scientist in their area of rearch, tting it in the context of the
work of others and looking forward to future developments.
In some cas, pairs of collaborating scientists from different disciplines are invited to each give their perspective on their common field of rearch in order to demonstrate the benefits of collaborative rearch and facilitate dialogue between communities.
The majority of Perspectives are invited by the editorial office, however suggestions of suitable Perspectives in the form of a brief synopsis and biography of the author, are welcome.
Focus
Focus articles centre on a specific topic, giving a personal view and a critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge. The short articles summari the key results, the work currently being done, the challenges ahead and how the field is evolving.
以下来⾃：
There are veral types of journal articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include: Letters (also called communications, and not to be confud with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current rearch findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication becau they are considered urgent.
Rearch notes are short descriptions of current rearch findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters.
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original rearch findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals – 80-page articles are not rare in or .
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular that is the result of current rearch and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet.
do not cover original rearch but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original rearch. Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of .
are articles dedicated to describe datats. This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been
新奥尔良鹈鹕队
established, e.g. and .
are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications. They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description.
The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general scheme recommended by the. Such articles begin with an , which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper. The introduction describes the background for the rearch including a discussion of similar rearch. The materials and methods or experimental ction provides specific details of how the rearch was conducted. The results and discussion ction describes the outcome and implications of the rearch, and the conclusion ction places the rearch in context and describes avenues for further exploration.
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news ction where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. The articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists. In addition, some journals will include an editorial ction and a ction for letters to the editor. While the are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles becau they have not been peer-reviewed.
关于影响因⼦的举例，来⾃：
英国读研费用From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
"The impact factor (IF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently ud as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than tho with lower ones. The impact factor was devid by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for tho journals that are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports.
In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the
two preceding years. For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:
2008 impact factor = A/B.
where:
A = the number of times that all items published in that journal in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed publications during 2008.
B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" for this calculation are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or letters to the editor). "
Alternative Impact Factor
Several journal metrics are calculated. The first metric is an alternative impact factor which is bad on Google Scholar's citation count. The journal impact factor (JIF) normally referred to is the proprietary journal impact factor from Thomson Reuters calculated bad on the Web of Science (WOS) and published in the Journal Citation Reports® (JCR). We call this the JCR®JIF. DOAJ writes: "There is only one official, universally recognid impact factor that is generated by Thomson Reuters; it is a proprietary measure run by a profit making organisation. It runs against the ethics and principles of open access." This journal has no JCR®JIF, but an alternative Google-bad impact factor.
A = cites to articles published in 2013 - 2014 = 132
B = number of articles published in 2013 - 2014 = 165
Impact Factor for 2013 - 2014 = A/B = 132/165 = 0.8 (Google Scholar citations, data October 22, 2015)
Plea e also the List of Citations for ACSIJ:
其他⽅⾯的参考资料：
刊载在《Academic publishing》维基百科⽅⾯的解释
来⾃于汤森路透(Thomson Reuters)公司的引⽤统计报告（其公司的报告被认为是较为权威的评判论⽂与期刊质量的报告）
来⾃Science Watch的论⽂引⽤统计
