考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷76
(总分60,考试时间90分钟)
2. Reading Comprehension
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined gments into Chine.
pecan pieThe technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a vere burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has rious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progresd.【F1】The underlying assumption in "technology transfer" is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries.Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main me
ans of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elwhere.【F2】The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management.It is my contention that "technology transfer" as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.【F3】The fundamental flaw is that "technology transfer" is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries.Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which "technology transfer" is bad, beginning with training and ending with application, is compod of a t of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which lect the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred rearch plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained.Clearly, technology bad on the t of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocul
tural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even rving to slow progress.【F4】This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called "basic knowledge transfer" as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries.This approach contains the following features:Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation.【F5】The problem of internal "technology transfer" will require for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists; means for maintaining **petency of the leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.
1. 【F1】
2. 【F2】毫米用字母表示
法语 3. 【F3】
4. 【F4】
5. 【F5】scatology
【F1】When a dia of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that caus the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most rious of cas, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the dia will not spread.【F2】The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or dia so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the dia is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Inf
ormation on how to penetrate the dia' s defens is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is pasd from cell to cell.【F3】This makes sure that, should the patient **e into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4】On occasion, even the weakened version of the dia contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death.【F5】Such is the ca of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of ttlers.Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox dia from the vaccine itlf and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the dia, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, r
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esulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curs.
6. 【F1】
7. 【F2】
8. 【F3】
9. 【F4】
baron davis10. 【F5】
【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of the animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted.The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, **ponents of intelligence were improved far more than others.【
F2】The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next.It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focud, active fixation, the range through the states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from nsory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels nsitivity to novelty is incread.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this incread vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more nsitive to its surroundings.The process of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impuls in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh the images and other alertly arched information are ud in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the prent and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purpos.The elements of intelligence and **e t
ogether marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is archingly aggressive inner directed, ud by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a n clor to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard' s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, nsitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind.【F5】Its mood of wariness rather than arching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
11. 【F1】
1 202 129 170
12. 【F2】
13. 【F3】
zip是什么意思14. 【F4】
15. 【F5】bq是什么意思
dismission
It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA "letters" in the human body.【F1】The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, **pleted DNA quence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology.But the race itlf, between the government's Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., **pany Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of publi
c attacks and veral failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】Neither side will be turning off its quencing machines any time soon—the "finish lines" each has crosd are largely arbitrary points, "first drafts" rather than the definitive version.【F3】And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors clor together than they've been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain's **e Trust, an HGP participant, relead a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP's complaints. Venter called the move "a lowlife thing to do." But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. "The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors," Venter told Newsweek in March, "and fighting back is
probably not helpful."【F4】At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praid each other's approaches, and expresd hope that all of the scientists involved in quencing the human genome would be able to share the credit.By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday's joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. "If this ends the hor race, science wins."【F5】With their difference behind them, or at least t aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make u of all that data.
