1.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
It is a scientific study becau it (a) is bad on the systematic investigation of linguistic data. It (b) discovers the nature and rules of the underlying language system. It (c) collects language facts that display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them.
The study of language as a whole if often called general linguistics.
phonetics(语音学): the study of sounds
phonology(音位学): how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning
morphology(形态学): how morphemes(词素) are arranged and combined to form words
syntax(句法学): the study of rules that govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible ntences
mantics(语义学): the study of meaning
pragmatics(语用学): the study of meaning in the context of language u
interdisciplinary branches: sociolinguistics(社会语言学), psycholinguistics(心理语言学), applied linguistics(应用语言学)
Important distinctions in linguistics
prescriptive(规定性 old linguistics) vs. descriptive(描述性 modern linguistics)
synchronic(共时性) vs. diachronic(历时性): most linguistic studies are of synchronic descriptions, which is prior in modern linguistics
speech and writing: speech is prior to writing in modern linguistics
langue(语言系统abstract linguistic system) and parole(话语/言语realization of langue in actual u): Swiss linguist F. de Saussure----forefather of modern linguistics
competence(语言能力ideal ur’s knowledge of rules of his language) and performance(语言运用actual realization of this knowledge): American linguist N. Chomsky
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traditional grammar and modern linguistics: Saussure’s book lwjj“如鱼得水记单词Cour in General Linguistics” marked the beginning of modern linguistics
1.2 Language is a systemrecordt of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
LAD: Language Acquisition Device -----Chomsky
Arbitrariness (任意性): Different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages.
Productivity/creativity (能产性): Construction and interpretation of new signals are possible, so that large number of ntences can be produced.
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英语口语交际 Duality (双层性): Two levels enable people to talk about anything within their knowledge. lower level(sounds)---higher level(words)
Displacement(移位性): enable people to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caud by paration in time or place.
五年级数学应用题 Cultural transmission(文化传承): We are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of language system have to be taught and learned.
2.1 Speech and writing are the two media for communication, of which speech is
more basic/primary.
The sounds which are produced by humans through their speech organs and meaningful in communication constitute the phonic medium of language. The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
2.2 Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language, which concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, acoustic phonetics
Speech organs:
pharyngeal; cavity---throat; oral cavity---mouth; nasal cavity---no
IPA: 国际音标 diacritics: 变音符
herbbroad transcription: 宽式标音(ud in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)
narrow transcription: 严式标音(ud by phoneticians in their study)
conducted vowels(the air stream meets with no obstruction) and consonants(obstructed)
stops(塞音), fricatives(擦音), affricates(塞擦音), liquids(流音), nasals, glides, bilabial(双唇音), laviodental(唇齿音), dental(齿音), alveolar(齿龈音), palatal(腭音), velar(软腭音), glottal(喉音)
clo vowels, mi-clo vowels, mi-open vowels, open vowels(openness)
unrounded vowels, rounded vowels(shape of the lips)
long/ten vowels----short/lax vowels
monophthongs(单元音), diphthongs(双元音) (single or combined)
2.3 Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus.
phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and are ud to convey meaning
concerned with sound system of a particular language
phonetics: of a general nature, interested in all the speech sounds
A phoneudv(音素) is a phonetic unit or gment.(speech sounds are all phones)
a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning
