UNIT1
Computer Overview
I. Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a t of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.
? 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。星巴克回应瑞幸
The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find us throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from cret governmental files to banking transactions to private houhold accounts.
如果没有计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。在整个社会，不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据，从政府保密文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are esntial tools in almost every field of rearch and applied technology, from constructing models of the univer to producing tomorrow’s weather reports, and their u has in itlf opened up new areas of conjecture.
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计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机无不是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们预测的新领域。
Databa rvices and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy. Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of the
price of modern technology.
数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。II. History
The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was devid in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blai Pascal This device employed a ries of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth reprenting a digit from 0 to 9.signlanguage
II. 历史 第一台加法机，数字计算机的先驱，是jalap1642年由法国科学家、数学家兼哲学家布莱斯?帕斯卡设计的。这个装置使用了一系列有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。
The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on this machine by devising one that could also multiply.
轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前移动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。在17世纪70年代，德国哲学家兼数学家戈特弗里德?威廉to begin with?莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能做乘法的机器。神探夏洛克第二季第三集
The French inventor Joph-Marie Jacquard , in designing an automatic loom, ud thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statisticianyellowcard
Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquard漂亮英文’s boards, for processing data. Employing a system that pasd
punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.
法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽?雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼?何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。
III. Hardware
Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size. Nevertheless, they can be divided into veral categories on the basis of cost and performance the personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine, usually of desktop size (though “laptops” are small enough to fit in a briefca, and “palmtops” can fit into a pocket);
III. 硬件 不论尺寸大小，现代数字计算机在概念上都是类似的。然而，根据成本与性能，它们可分为几类：个人计算机或微型计算机，一种成本相对较低的机器，通常只有桌面大小（尽管“膝上型计算机”小到能够放入公文包，而“掌上型计算机”能够放入口袋）；
the workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially uful for office work; the minicomputer, generally too expensive for personal u, with
capabilities suited to a business, school, or laboratory; and the mainframe computer, a lar
ge, expensive machine with the capability of rving the needs of major business enterpris, government departments, scientific rearch establishments, or the like (the largest and fastest of the are called supercomputers).
yes or no 2工作站，一种具有增强的图形与通信能力、从而使其对于办公室工作特别有用的微型计算机；小型计算机，一般就个人使用而言太昂贵，其性能适合于工商企业、学校或实验室；以及大型机，一种大型的昂贵机器，具有满足大规模工商企业、政府部门、科研机构或者诸如此类机构需要的能力（其中体积最大、速度最快的称为巨型计算机）。短期培训班
A digital computer is not a single machine rather, it is a system compod of five distinct elements (1) a central processing unit; (2) input devices; (3) memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and connects the system to the external world.
