iv iv托福考试 复习pc camera
托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Children and Advertising
托福阅读原文
【1】Young children are trustingof commercial advertiments in the media, and advertirs have sometimes beenaccud of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The IndependentTelevision Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom,has criticized advertirs for "mi
sleadingness"—creating a wrongimpression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to controladvertirs' u of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge thetrue size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.
【2】General concern aboutmisleading tactics that advertirs employ is centered on the u ofexaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children arelargely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggerationis ud at the expen of product information. Claims such as "thebest" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; evenadults may be unsure as to their meaning. They reprent the advertir'sopinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a conquence,are difficult to verify. Advertirs sometimes offt or counterbalance anexaggerated claim with a
disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim.For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may beaccompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balancedbreakfast." However, rearch has shown that children often havedifficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phra"when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that thecereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The authorGeorge Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the agesof six and eight years old
understood standard disclaimers ud in many toyadvertiments and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended whenprented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers aremainly prented in audio format only.
【3】Fantasy is one of the morecommon techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.Child-oriented advertiments are more likely to include magic and fantasy thanadvertiments aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline obrved that nearly all commercials for charactertoys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the u offantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough torealize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and ttingsare frequently ud to attract children's attention, particularly in
结果的读音
剑十五aixiafoodadvertising. Advertiments for breakfast cereals have, for many years, beenfound to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten includingsuch content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young childrencan distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertimentsu emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
简介翻译【4】The u of celebrities suchas singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for thepositively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertidproduct and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind.In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animatedfigures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities inadvertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of hostlling. Host lling involves blending advertiments with regular programmingin a way that makes it difficult todistinguish one from the other. Host lling occurs, for example, when achildren's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lionpromotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that thepractice of host lling reduced children's ability to distinguish betweenadvertising and program material. It was also found that older childrenresponded more positively to
products in host lling advertiments.change
【5】Regarding the appearance ofcelebrities in advertiments that do not involve host lling, the evidence ismixed. Rearcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the charactersud to adverti breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, andchildren accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information.This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of t
elevision. In addition,children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorsthat product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that theprence of celebrities in advertiments could negatively affect thechildren's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrityin question.
学美语magicmarker托福阅读试题
1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertid toys?
A.How big the toys are?专升本有几种方式
B.How much the toys cost?
C.What the toys can do?
D.How the toys are made?
