Altruism
yasiA colony of ants is generally compod of one queen, who spends her all life laying eggs, and thousands of workers who do all the other jobs without reproducing themlves. They give up the chance for reproduction and instead help rear the queen’s offspring all the time lflessly, or rather, altruistically.
What is altruism? It’s a kind of social behaviour. From the point of sociobiologists like Wilson (1975, p.578 ), altruism is “lf-destructive behaviour performed for the benefit of others.” More generally, if one, the actor, behaves altruistic, conquently, it benefits less to the actor than the recipient. It reduces the fitness of the actor but increas the fitness of recipient, like the strangers donating their kidneys or heart to patients. The altruist performs voluntarily without expecting any external reward. But the definitions don’t refer to their intentions.
Why should an individual carry out a costly behaviour that benefits other individuals? It ems to go against Darwinian idea of “survival of the fittest”. It involves two elements: the
motives and the cost of the actor. If an act is performed out of a consideration of another’s needs rather than one’s own, we call it altruistic. For some philanthropists, they devote in charity becau they feel guilty and the charity can make up their guilts. In this way, it’s not the pure altruistic. For others like most volunteers, it simply brings them happiness and content. No matter what kind of motives, altruism contributes to a harmonious society with friendly mutual help and relatively balance. In the other hand, it has its dilemma like some acquire something without the ordinary effort and the improper altruistic behaviours.
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Not everyone will take part in the cooperating work if altruists maintain the population. An altruist gets an apple will pass it to the other who happens to behave altruistically. The cond man pass it to the third altruist and goes on the same circulation and the apple finally goes into free rider’s pocket. Or, there is no lfish man, who increas his fitness and makes the recipient suffer a loss or the spiteful man who behaviour leads reduction of both fitness, the apple has no u and turns to be a waste of resource. This is called Pathological Altruism, the phenomena that the act of helping goes too far, impro
per or overwhelming and turns out helpless even unexpectedly terrible conquence. Reports has it said from time to time that a man keeps numerous animals beyond himlf but doesn’t take good care of the animals. Of cour, he couldn’t deal well with the dead or sick animals or the nois and smelly flavour they make. He tries to help but fails. Some females just tolerate their family’s abu and drinking, making the family broken.
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theyAltruistic behaviour requires no reward out of voluntary intention. The proper one plays an important part in advancing society in many ways but it also brings along with problems. Most psychologists advi that people should be rational and think about what others really need before behaving altruistically.
Reference:
rip>ripperStuart A. West, Andy Gardner and Ashleigh S. Griffin. Altruism. Current Biology Vol 16 No13 r482.
Jane Allyn Piliavin and Hong-Wen Charng. A Review of Recent Theory and Rearch. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 16 (1990), pp. 27-65
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Natalie Angier. The Pathological Altruist Gives Till Someone Hurts. New York Times, 10,3, 2011.
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