MOUNT WUYI
FUJIAN, CHINA
Brief description: Mount Wuyi has one of the largest, most intact and biologically diver subtropical
forests in the world and is a refuge for a large number of relict plants, many of them endemic to China.
小学英语课件ppt
The dramatically rene beauty of the lower gorge of Nine Bend River, with its numerous now ruined
export
temples and monasteries, was the tting for the development and spread of neo-Confucianism in the
11th century, which has been very influential in the cultures of East Asia. In the 1st century B.C. a large administrative centre was built nearby at Chengcun, now an archaeological site of great significance. COUNTRY The People's Republic of China - Fujian
NAME Mount Wuyi (Wuyi Shan)
MIXED NATURAL & CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE 1999: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Cultural Criteria iii & vi and Natural Criteria vii & x. INTERNATIONAL DESIGNATION
1987: Designated a Biosphere Rerve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program (56,527ha).
IUCN MANAGEMENT CATEGORY
Wuyi Shan Nature Rerve IV: Habitat/Species Management Area
mori
Wuyi Shan Scenic & Historic Interest Area V:Protected Landscape
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
South Chine Rainforest (4.6.1) / Chine Subtropical Forest (2.1.2)
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The site is in north-west Fujian Province 235 km northwest of Fuzhou City between 27°32'36”N -
27°55'15”N and 117°24'12”E - 118°02'50”E (mapped as Huanggang Shan).
DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT
748: The mountains and forests around the Wuyi River were first protected by imperial order for their exceptional beauty: forestry and fishing were prohibited;
1949+: The People's Republic declared the virgin forests of its northern part a non-felling area and strengthened its protection and management;
1979: Mount Wuyi Nature Rerve designated by the State Council of the national government;
1982: The mountain declared an Area of Scenic and Historical Interest by the State Council;
1987: Designated a Biosphere Rerve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program.
1996: Protection of the Han dynasty town site at Chengcun approved by the State Council.
LAND TENURE
委内瑞拉官方语言State owned. Administered by the Mount Wuyi Protection & Management Committee for Areas of
Scenic and Historic Interest (Scenic and Ecological Protection Areas) and the Mount Wuyi Nature Rerve Management Bureau (Biodiversity Protection Area).
AREA
英语文章在线翻译99,975 ha: comprising a Biodiversity Protection Area (56,527 ha) in the west, a Scenic Protection Area
(36,400ha) in the centre and an Ecological Protection Area (7,000 ha) in the east plus a 48 ha area 15
km to the southeast protecting the remains of an ancient city. There is a buffer zone of 27,888 ha.
ALTITUDE
From below 200m to 2,158m (Huanggang Shan).
PHYSICAL FEATURES
This mountain range is the largest intact forested wilderness in southeast China. It is a rocky landscape of high peaks of which 112 are higher than 1,000m, with rugged monoliths, domed cliffs, craggy forested gorges, cave systems and winding streams. The area is part of the Cathayshan fold system within the eastern Asia circum-Pacific belt. The western half has a pronounced northeast-so
uthwest fault and was subjected to inten volcanic activity in the Mesozoic era, then overlaid by thick diments in the Jurassic to late Cretaceous periods, and eroded and weathered, but never glaciated. The western peaks are typically volcanic or plutonic, of hard tuffaceous lavas, rhyolite and granite. The eastern half of the site along Nine Bend River contains a large number of isolated 200-400m sheer-sided red sandstone monoliths formed by erosion along natural faults and jointing in the rock. The landscape of its lower gorge has an exceptionally scenic juxtaposition of smooth rock cliffs rising above clear deep waters (Nomination,1998; IUCN, 1999). The site’s concentration of geological and geomorphological features provides a wide range of microclimates and biological niches and also fit subjects for the ancient tradition of mountain painting.
CLIMATE
The Wuyi Mountains form a barrier against cold air mass from the northwest, and retain the warm moist air stream coming in from the a which gives the region its humid, often foggy climate and high rainfall. Annual temperatures range from 12°C to 18°C at lower altitudes. The annual precipitation is 2,200mm in the southwest to 3,200 mm in the north. In the highest areas above 1,800m, snow can lie for up to a month in winter. The relative humidity is 80-85% (Xiyang, 1988; Li & Zhao, 1989; IUCN,1999).
VEGETATION
Mount Wuyi is covered by one of the largest, most intact humid subtropical forests in the world, on the edge between the Chine subtropical and south Chine rain forests and is a refuge for a large number of relict plants: 53 discrete plant associations have been described. The high plant diversity on the mountain includes 284 families, 1,107 genera and 2,888 species of vascular species. There are 25 gymnosperms in 18 genera, and 14 bamboo forest types. 15 endangered and 13 rare species are listed in China’s Red List. 78 species of orchids in 32 genera are recorded. Plant surveys in the 1980s-90s discovered 57 new species of higher plants, 48 of them endemic. A further 840 species of lower plants and fungi have been listed, including 282 ferns from 85 genera (Nomination,1998, IUCN,1999)..
The site has a wide range of vegetation types graded by elevation. The most extensive is evergreen broad-leaved forest which grows up to 1,400m. Eleven broad vegetation patterns are described: temperate coniferous forest, warm coniferous forest, temperate broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forest, deciduous and broad-leaved forest, evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest, and, above 1,700m, deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved elfin forests, brush-wood and meadow. The dominant family is the Fagaceafacia
e; co-dominants are Lauraceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Elaeocarpaceae and Hamamelidaceae. At higher altitudes there is a cloud-forest with Ericaceae and a number of coniferous families. Among tree species are the evergreen chinquapins Castonopsis eyeri, C. fargesii and C. fabri, Hance tanbark oak Lithocarpus hancei, blue Japane oak Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Taiwan pine Pinus taiwanesis, Chine little-leaf box Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, common Chine fir Cunninghamia lanceolata, Chine cedar Cryptomeria fortunei, Masson pine P. massoniana and gingko Gingko biloba. Among rare relic species are Taiwan hemlock Tsuga formosana, Chine hemlock T. chinensis chekiangensis, Chine yew Taxus sinensis, Chine tulip tree Liriodendron sinensis, Ford’s manglietia Manglietia fordiana, Chine bretschneidera Bretschneidera sinensis, Chine cypress Glyptostrobus pensiilis, Chine torreya Torreya grandis and dawn redwood Metaquoia glyptostroboides (Li & Zhao,1989; Nomination,1998, IUCN,1999).
FAUNA
The fauna of Mount Wuyi is internationally known for its high diversity and large numbers of rare and species, its reptiles, amphibians and incts. Its size alone makes the flora and flora far richer than on the comparable Emei Shan and Huang Shan.In all, some 5,000 species have been recorded from the area. Vertebrates number 475 of which 143 species are protected and 46 listed under CITES (IU
CN,1999). The include 23 families and 71 species of mammal; 47 families and 256 species of
bird; 13 families and 73 species of reptile; 10 families and 35 species of amphibian; and 12 families and
40 species of fish. In addition some 4,635 species of incts have been described, although the total inct fauna is probably far larger. Among the vertebrates are some 49 species endemic to China, one
amphibian Pudoxenodon karlschmidti endemic to Fujian, and two species endemic to the locality: David's parrotbill Paradoxornis davidianus, and the chongan moustache toad Vibrissaphora liui. Other notable species in the area include the Chine tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis (CR: probably now extinct in the area),clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa (VU), leopard Panthera pardus, black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons (VU), mainland row Capricornis sumatraensis (VU), Cabot's tragopan Tragopan caboti (VU), and Chine black-backed pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti (VU); the Chine giant salamander Andrias davidianus (CR), and the golden kairihind swallowtail Teinopalpus aureus. The area is also important for migratory birds, and over 100 are protected by Sino-Japane and Sino-Australian agreements. (IUCN, 1999; Nomination,1998).
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human occupation in the area 4,000 years ago, such as
boat coffins containing ancient textiles. Since then, successive ages have left many cultural monuments and relics, notably the extensive remains and massive walls of a 1st century BC Western Han dynasty administrative capital of the Min-Yue kingdom at Chengcun uncovered in 1958. In the 7th century the Tang dynasty Wuyi palace was built for imperial ceremonies and in 748 an imperial conrvation edict banned forestry and fishing within 60 km of this building, now the Immortal Greeting temple. The mountains were an important centre of Taoism and later of Buddhism when it became one of China’s eight Buddhist Mountains. Temples and monasteries in the gorge became the tting for the development and spread of neo-Confucianism, inspired by the sage Zhu Xi in the 11th century, which has remained very influential in the cultures of East Asia. A Confucianism Rearch Centre exists today. The incomplete ruins of 35 academies and more than 60 temples have been located, with over 450 large rock inscriptions, largely in the gorges of Nine Bend River. Other notable sites are cave dwellings, buildings and structures. The area was famous for producing the finest teas for the imperial court and for its classically columnar mountains which were often painted (Nomination, 1998).
开怎么读音
LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION
There were 14 villages with a permanent population of 22,710 in the site in 1999, but the population within the core Biodiversity Protection Area is very small. The people wee mainly engaged in tea-growing, agriculture and bamboo forestry and, now, tourism (Nomination,1998).
VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES
Tourist numbers in the nominated area incread from about 424,000 in 1993 to around 700,000 in 1998. Of the, 85% were domestic tourists and 15% came from overas. The average stay in the area varies between 3 and 10 days. Some 300,000 visitors annually raft down a 10-km stretch of the Nine Bend River gorge in a well-managed operation, and 120,000 visit the nearby Thread of Sky caves. Visitor access to the Biodiversity Protection Area is difficult and strictly controlled. There are veral viewing terraces, natural and cultural muums, a Zhu Xi memorial hall, a painting academy, and two medical and rescue centres. Many books and brochures are available. Most tourist activities are restricted to the Tourist Service Area just outside the site, including a large hotel, restaurants and shops. There is a small airport and a railway station at Wuyishan City, 5 km away, and good road connection with other cities (Nomination,1998; IUCN,1999).
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES
As early as 1845 the plant collector R. Fortune collected specimens on the mountain and since 1873 domestic and foreign zoologists and botanists have collected nearly 1,000 new specimens of animals and plants, including 780 incts, 100 vertebrates and 60 new plant specimens. The China Biodiversity Rearch Report determined Mount Wuyi to be a key area for the protection of biodiversity and since its nomination as a Biosphere Rerve the amount of rearch has incread. There is a Biological Rearch Centre in the Biodiversity Protection Area for which funding has been provided through the GEF. In the years before designation there were surveys and investigations into geology, land form, biological resources, Neo-Confucianism, the ancient town and cultural relics, many of which continue. Many studies have been published (NEPS,1994; Nomination, 1998, IUCN, 1999).
CONSERVATION VALUE
Mount Wuyi is one of the largest, most intact and biodiver humid subtropical forests in the world, with high numbers of relict and threatened species and an ancient cultural tradition (Nomination,1998). The
Park lies within a WWF Global 200 Eco-region, a WWF/IUCN Centre of Plant Diversity, and overlaps a UNESCO Biosphere Rerve.
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
The area is co-managed by the Mount Wuyi Protection & Management Committee for Areas of Scenic and Historic Interest for the scenic and ecological protection areas, and the Mount Wuyi Nature Rerve Management Bureau for the biological rerve. The whole site is subject to national and provincial laws and regulations for the protection of cultural relics (1982), areas of scenic and historic interest (1985, and 1988) nature rerves (1985 and 1990), wildlife (1988), and the environment (1989). A Master Plan for the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas was approved in 1986. A Management Plan for the Mount Wuyi Nature Rerve was drawn up for 1999-2019 and a Plan for the Protection of the Chengcun Han Dynasty Townsite was completed in 1995. The recommend scientific management measures, the strengthening of surveys and studies, and bringing in international experience, technical information and contacts. Government and management organisations have developed ecological tourism plans, improving the monitoring of wildlife and vegetation, tourism and local communities and ancient sites and promoting public awareness in the villages in and next to the site (Nomination,1998).
MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS
The extensive buffer zone around the site is important since the fast social and economic development of the surrounding villages will place increasing pressure on the surrounding lands, posing a potential threat to the rich resources of the mountain. Growing tourism, water and air pollution may begin to impact the site, but they are strictly controlled at prent. The valleys tend to flood during the rainy ason (Nomination,1998, IUCN Technical Evaluation, 1999).
STAFFbeijing massage
275 staff including 145 professional and technical personnel and 130 management and maintenance personnel. There are 7 check points, 9 management offices, 15 field posts, and teams covering supervision, curity, emergency arch and rescue, forest and fire protection and medical rvices Extensive training programs are integral to the management of the site (Nomination, 1998).
BUDGET
Funding is from the State and local financial sources. Between 1980 and 1998 capital invested in the site totalled RMB 180 million (US$36,700,000), of which 60% came from local industries and tourist f
ees. A GEF grant paid for the Nature Rerve management plan and in 2005, US$40,000 was granted for a muum hall at the ancient town (Nomination, 1998).
LOCAL ADDRESSES
Fujian Provincial Forestry Bureau, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Fujian Provincial Cultural Bureau, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
汉诺威大学REFERENCES
T he principal source for the above information was the original nomination for World Heritage status. National Environmental Protection Agency(NEPS) (1994). China Biodiversity Conrvation Plan. Beijing. 106pp.
IUCN Technical Evaluation (1999). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation. Mount Wuyi (China). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler) (2008). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Cambridge, U.K.
Li, W. & Zhao, X. (1989). China's Nature Rerves. Beijing. 191pp.
admiralty
Ministry of Construction (1998). World Heritage Convention. Natural and Cultural Heritage. Mount Wuyi. Ministry of Construction, Beijing. 154pp.
Xiyang, T. (1988). Living Treasures. An Odysy Through China's Extraordinary Nature Rerves.
DATE December 1999. Updated January 2009.
