5. Trial jury – lection and testimony
The judge normally guides a panel lection in which potential jurors are chon.
panel：候选陪审员名单
There can be court challenge to sitting someone on a jury “for cau” or “for favor”.
young18一19year中国对于让某人列席陪审团，可能会出现庭前的有因回避请求或以偏见为由的回避请求。
challenge：对……vegetables怎么读表示异议；反对；申请法官或陪审员回避
challenge for cau：有因回避请求；附理由的回避请求
指申请陪审员回避时必须说明理由，诉讼双方均可提出，是否回避，由法官裁决。
challenge for favor = challenge to the favor：以偏见为由的回避请求
当事人以某个陪审员可能有偏见为由而请求该陪审员回避。是否允许由法官裁量。
During a trial the plaintiff and defendant counl provide the jury with the calling of fact and expert witness, first for the plaintiff and then for the defendant.
审判中，原告和被告的律师会向陪审团提供对事实和专家证人的传唤，先是原告的，然后是被告的。
Direct examination is when a lawyer asks questions of his own party or non-party witness.
direct examination：直接询问；主询问
在庭审或其他程序中，传唤证人到庭的一方当事人首先对该证人进行的询问。
Cross examination is when the opposing party asks questions. The purpo of a cross examination is to undermine the credibility of the witness with the jury.
cross examination：交叉询问；反询问
指在听审或开庭审理程序中，一方当事人对对方提供的证人进行的询问。应在主询问之后
进行，目的在于核查证人的证言或质疑证人或其证言的可信性。
翻译 在线在交叉询问中允许提诱导性问题（什么是祈使句leading question），但通常只能限于主询问中涉及的事项以及证人的可信性问题。
6. Trial: the process
The parties have witness speak and introduce other forms of evidence such as documents and photographs. The judge determines what is permitted as evidence and what is not. During a trial a motion can be made to the court to limit someone’s testimony, or to strike it, or to have the judge give the jury an instruction not to heed someone’s one statement or even their entire testimony.
必修一化学方程式
heed：注意；留心；听从
尤指危险情况中对指令、命令的一种注意、留心、听从
At the conclusion, the lawyers give summaries of what was proven in court, and th
e judge instructs the jury in the rules of law they are to apply in their deliberation.
conclusion：结论部分
instruct：（法官就法律问题）指示（陪审团）
deliberation：评议；审议；商议
陪审员在陪审员室（jury room）中，根据庭审所获证据，秘密评议，对被告人作出裁断。这种审议只有在法定陪审员全部参加的情况下才能进行。
The jury retires to a special room where they deliberate and then come to a conclusion, such as the defendant owes the plaintiff a sum of money and/or no cau which is a verdict to dismiss the ca.
verdict：裁断
no cau：诉由不充分
oicqdismiss the ca：驳回起诉
The jury returns to the courtroom to provide its verdict. As verdict decision can take a jury a few minutes or veral days. If a jury cannot reach a verdict the judge may declare a mistrial and the litigants have to resort to a new trial.
mistrial：无效审理
指错误的、无效的、法律不认可的审理。原因：法院无管辖权，陪审员选择错误，陪审团意见无法一致，不能作出裁断，陪审员或律师在审理中意外死亡，在审理前或审理中无视必要的基本规定，在审理中出现法庭无法纠正的有损当事人利益的错误，审理在正常结束前已终止等。
法律效果：等于没有审理。
7. Verdict and afterwards
A jury verdict is turned into a written order by the prevailing party which is then signed by the judge and becomes an order of the court.
prevailing party：胜诉当事人
If it is a money judgment, the defendant must pay the money. In some cas as in an automobile accident, the defendant’s insurance carrier will pay the money.
money judgment：金钱给付判决
insurance carrier：保险的承保单位，广义上指保险公司
A successful verdict usually means that the plaintiff attorney will receive a portion of the verdict, such as 1/3rd less costs of litigation.
successful verdict：胜诉的裁决
The order can also be filed as a judgment and becomes a lien against the asts of the losing party.
命令也可作为判决书提交，并成为针对败诉一方财产的优先权。
lien：留置权；优先权；各种担保权益
A warrant of satisfaction is a legal document filed with the court that states the debt has been paid and the lien is then lifted.
warrant：令状
satisfaction：义务履行；债务清偿
lift：清偿；赎取；接触；撤销
An unpaid lien can show up in a judgment arch and cau an attachment to be made on the proceeds of the sale of a home of the losing party. Judgment liens normally last for a long period and can be renewed.
attachment：扣押；扣押令
指扣押某人的财产以担保讲来判决能够得到执行或者将扣押的财产变卖以执行判决
judgment lien：判决留置权
出国留学利弊的英语作文
对败诉债务人的不享有扣押豁免权的财产（nonexempt property）设定的留置权，胜诉债权人有权据此扣押债务人的财产以实现其判决确定的债权
8. An appeal: what it is
The losing party may file an appeal in the next higher court. Appellate courts usually focus only on the legal process during a trial, and will overturn a decision and/or remand (nd is back) to a trial court with instructions on how to correct the error.
appellate courtcisa：上诉法院
remand：将案件发回
trial court：初审法院inten
This may mean relitigating the entire original trial and/or a portion of it. Lay people often believe that an appellate court will overturn an “unfair” trial, but losing is not
山市 翻译a reason for the higher court to overturn a verdict. However, appeals may be costly, and the appellate court must find an error on the part of the court below that justifies uptting the verdict. Therefore, only a small proportion of trial court decisions result in appeals. Some appellate courts, particularly supreme courts, have the power of discretionary review, meaning that they can decide whether they will hear an appeal brought in a particular ca. Appellate courts rarely overturn trial courts decisions and rarely find that the trial judge committed error.
