被动语态形式
A 把主动态动词变成被动态,是把助动词be变为主动态动词原来的时态,再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到,可置于by之后或放在从句的后面:
This tree was planted by my grandfather.
这棵树是我祖父种的。
B 各个进行时态的被动态要求用be的进行式加上主要动词的过去分词,be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用:
主动态: They are repairing the bridge. 他们正在修桥。
被动态: The bridge is being repaired. 桥正在修理。
主动态: They were carrying the injured player off the field.
当时,他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。
被动态: The injured player was being carried off the field.
催化剂英文当时,受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。
在被动句中,除现在及过去进行时外,其他进行时态用得非常少。因此像下列这类句子通常不能用被动态:
They have/had been repairing the road.他们一直在修理这条路。
They will/would be repairing the road.他们将要修理这条路。
D 助动词+动词原形结构可借助于被动式来构成被动语态:boobs
主动态: You must/should shut the doors. 你必须把这些门关上。
被动态: The doors must/should be shut. 这些门必须关上。
主动态: They should/ought to have told him.他们本该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成主动式)
被动态: He should/ought to have been told.本应该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成被动式)
主动和被动时态对照表
A 时态
TENSE | 主动语态 | lateautumn被动语态 |
一般现在时 | be+V.\V.s | am\is\are+(p.p) |
一般将来时 | will\be going to\be (about)to+V. | will be +(p.p) |
现在进行时 | am\is\are+V.ing | am\is\are+being+(p.p) |
一般过去时 | ①was\were②V.ed | passageswas\were+(p.p) |
现在完成时 | have\has+V.p.p | have\has+been+(p.p) |
过去完成时 | had+V.p.p | had+been+(p.p) |
过去进行时 | was\were+V.ing | was\were+being+(p.p) |
情态动词 | 情态动词+V. | 情态动词+be+(p.p) |
| | |
B 在口语化的话语中,有时用get代替be:
The eggs got(=were) broken.鸡蛋破了。
You’ll get(=be) sacked if you take any more time off.你要是再溜号不上班,就会被炒鱿鱼了。
C 注意:从理论上讲,句子如含有一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语时,可以有两种被动态形式:
Someone gave her a bulldog.有人送给她一只牛头狗。
She was given a bulldog.有人送给她一只牛头狗。
A bulldog was given to her.有人送给她一只牛头狗。
第一种形式远较第二种形式更为常用,即应把间接宾语(而不是直接宾语)变成被动态动词的主语。
D 对主动态动词的主语是谁(或是什么)提问时,常用陈述语序:
What delayed you?什么事耽误了你?
Which team won?哪个队赢了?世界名人
chandelier同样,对被动态动词主语是谁(或是什么)提问时,也常用陈述语序:
—Something was done.一些事。
—What was done?什么事?
—One of them was sold.其中的一个被卖掉了。
—Which of them was sold?其中的哪一个被卖了?
主动态问句中的疑问动词可以变为被动态问句中的肯定动词:
What did they steal?(主动语态,疑问动词)他们偷走了什么?
What was stolen?(被动语态,肯定动词)什么东西被偷走了?
不过,如问句针对被动态动词的施动者,则必须使用疑问动词:
Who painted it?(主动语态,肯定动词)这是谁画的?
Who was it painted by?(被动语态,疑问动词)这是谁画的?
在其他类型的问句中,无论是用了主动语态还是用了被动语态,均使用疑问动词:
When/Where/Why did he paint it?(主动语态)他在何时/何地/为何画这个?
When/Where/why was it painted?(被动语态)它是在何时/何地/为何画出来的?
被动态的各种用法
被动态用于以下各种情况:
A 动作的施动者很明显,没有必要提到时:
The rubbish hasn′t been collected.垃圾没有清走。
The streets are swept every day.马路每天都清扫。notice是什么意思
Your hand will be X-rayed.你的手要照X片。
B 不知道、不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者时:
The minister was murdered.部长被谋杀了。
My car has been moved!我的汽车被挪动过了!
You′ll be met at the station.有人会到车站去接你。
I′ve been told that…有人告诉我说……
C 主动动词的主语是人们时:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.他被怀疑接受了赃物。(人们怀疑他……)
They are suppod to be living in New York.据猜测他们现在住在纽约。(人们猜测他们住在……)
D 主动句的主语是不定代词one时,如One es this sort of advertiment everywhere(这样的广告到处可见),通常可以表示为:
This sort of advertiment is en everywhere.这样的广告到处可见。
E 对所做的事比对做事的人更感兴趣时:
The hou next door has been bought(by a Mr Jones).
隔壁的房子被(一个叫琼斯的先生的人)买下了。
如果认识琼斯先生,就会使用主动态:
Your father′s friend,Mr Jones,has bought the hou next door.
你父亲的朋友琼斯先生买下了隔壁的房子。
pottery介词与被动态动词连用
A 正如已经提到过的,要提到被动态动词的施动者时,前面须用by引导:
水土流失的英文主动态: Dufy painted this picture. 达菲画的这幅画。
被动态: This picture was painted by Dufy.这幅画是达菲画的。
主动态: What makes the holes?是什么东西弄出这些破洞的?
被动态: What are the holes made by?这些破洞是什么东西弄的?
注意下列句子:
Smoke filled the room.房间里烟雾弥漫。
Paint covered the lock.油漆涂遍了锁上。
它们的被动形式应当是:
The room was filled with smoke.
The lock was covered with paint.
这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。
B 动词+介词+宾语这一结构变成被动态时,介词应直接跟在动词之后:
主动态: We must write to him.我们必须给他写信。
被动态: He must be written to.必须给他写信。
对动词+介词/副词结构,也应同样处理:
主动态: They threw away the old newspapers.他们把旧报纸扔了。
被动态: The old newspapers were thrown away.旧报纸给扔了。
主动态: He looked after the children well.他对孩子们照顾得很好。
被动态: The children were well looked after.孩子们被照顾得很好。
被动态动词后的不定式结构
不定式结构用在acknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,under- stand等动词之后。
People consider/know/think等that he is…这类句子有两种被动形式:
It is considered/known/thought etc.that he is…
网络外教He is considered/known/thought etc.to be…
同样:
People said that he was jealous of her.
人们说他妒忌她。相当于:
It was said that he was…
He was said to be jealous of her.
据说他妒忌她。
在这两种结构中,用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be,尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用:
He is thought to have information which will be uful to the police.
人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。