John Snow (physician)
Dr. John Snow |
Born | 15 March 1813
York, England |
Died | 16 June 1858 |
Citizenship | British |
tevaFields | epidemiology |
Known for | anaesthesia, locating source of a cholera outbreak, thus establishing the link between this infection and water as its vector |
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John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered to be one of the fathers of epidemiology, becau of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in 1854.
Early life and education
Snow was born 15 March 1813 in York, England. He was the first of nine children born to William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. His neighbourhood was one of the poorest in the city and was always in danger of flooding becau of its proximity to the 烟台樱花River Ou. His father worked in the local coal yards, which were constantly replenished from the Yorkshire coalfields via barges on the Ou. Snow was baptid Anglican at the church of All Saints, North Street.
All Saints, North Street.
Snow studied in York until the age of 14, when he was apprenticed to William Hardcastle, a surgeon in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and physician to George Stephenson and family. William Hardcastle was a friend of Snow's uncle, Charles Empson, who was both a witness to Hardcastle's marriage and executor of his will. Charles Empsom also went to school with Robert Stephenson and it was probably through the connections that Snow acquired his apprenticeship so far from his home town of York. Snow later worked as a colliery surgeon. Between 1833 and 1836 he was an assistant in practice, first in Burnopfield, Durham, and then in Pateley Bridge, North Yorkshire. In October 1836 he enrolled as a student at the Hunterian school of medicine in Great Windmill Street, London. A year later, he began working at the Westminster Hospital and was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 2 May 1838. He graduated from the University of London in December 1844, and was admitted to the 生日的英文Royal College of Physicians in 1850.
Anaesthesia
Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the u of ether and also chloroformthe bends as surgical anaesthesia. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857.[1] This led to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether. A longer work was published posthumously in 1858 entitled On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics, and Their Action and Administration.
Cholera
Main article: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Original map by Dr. John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cas in the London epidemic of 1854
跟我来的英文Snow was a sceptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that dias such as cholera or the Black Death were caud by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". Th
感激不尽
e germ theory was not widely accepted by this time, so he was unaware of the mechanism by which the dia was transmitted, but evidence led him to believe that it was not due to breathing foul air. He first publicized his theory in an essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera in 1849. In 1855 a cond edition was published, with a much more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water-supply in the Soho, London epidemic of 1854.
pingguoyuanBy talking to local residents (with the help of manager什么意思Reverend Henry Whitehead), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a sample of the Broad Street pump water was not able to conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the dia were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. Although this action has been commonally reported as ending the outbreak, the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline, as explained by Snow himlf:
There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished, as I said before, by the flight of the population, which commenced soon after the outbreak; but the attacks had so far diminished before the u of the water was stopped, that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state, or whether, from some cau, the water had become free from it.
Snow later ud a spot map to illustrate how cas of cholera were centred around the pump. He also made a solid u of statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the source of water and cholera cas. He showed that companies taking water from wage-polluted ctions of the Thames delivered water to homes with an incread incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the 泰坦尼克号主题曲歌词history of public health, and can be regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.
In Snow's own words:
hou
On proceeding to the spot, I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the [Broad Street] pump. There were only ten deaths in hous situated
decidedly nearer to another street-pump. In five of the cas the families of the decead persons informed me that they always nt to the pump in Broad Street, as they preferred the water to that of the pumps which were nearer. In three other cas, the decead were children who went to school near the pump in
