拼车服务外文文献翻译2019
拼车服务外文文献翻译2019
英文
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Carsharing u by college students: The ca of Milan and Rome Lucia Rotaris，Romeo Danielis，Ila Maltec Abstract
The paper analys carsharing (CS) u by college students in the Italian cities of Rome and Milan. We u an adapted stated preference approach to study CS preferences by collecting information on the individual mobility patterns and by distinguishing between commuting and non-commuting trips. We develop six hypothetical scenarios to explore how mobility decision would change when varying the characteristics of the current CS supply. We estimate a random parameter discrete choice model to evaluate CS preferences and simulated CS demand. The main finding is that college students u CS on an occasional basis and vary rarely their habitual transport choice. The students prefer the free-floating C
S type over the station-bad or roundtrip one. Lower fares and a higher CS supply of preferably electric cars would increa the number of CS student urs from the current 2% to up to 10–15%. CS substitutes mainly the private car and, to a lesr extent, public transport.
英语读物
Keywords：Carsharing，College students，Stated preference，Travel demand
1. Introduction
In the last four years, Italian cities have experienced a large increa in carsharing (CS) rvice supply. In Italy, CS is offered by two types of organization: state-sponsored companies and private companies. The former offer either a roundtripor a station-bad rvice, and some of them are supported by the Car Sharing Initiative (ICS, Iniziativa Car Sharing), promoted and financed by the Ministry of the Environment (Ministero dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, 2018). According to Istat (2016), in 2014 roundtrip or station-bad CS was offered in 23 medium-large Italian cities. In the years 2011–2014, the number of available vehicles incread from 656 to 915 and the number of stations in
政治考试大纲cread from 435 to 521. The real game changer was the market entry of the private companies supplying free-floating systems. It is estimated that, in total, by the end of 2017 7,679 CS cars were in rvice, managed by 29 CS companies (Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, 2018).
more than
人生最高的善终之法Notwithstanding the recent growth, many areas of uncertainty exist and derve more rearch. An important one regards the CS demand. The CS market is still in its initial pha. The suppliers are adjusting their business models in an effort to control costs and make a profit. The urs have yet to adapt their transport mode choices. It is unclear whether CS is ud merely on occasional basis or if it is to some extent a habitual
moabtransport mode choice. The preference structure of CS demand is unknown. The CS providers need to know the preferences of the current and potential demand in order to better meet the customers’ needs and to increa their market share. Furthermore, in the Italian context, the substitution between CS and other transport modes remains, by and large, unexplored. This information is crucial not only for evaluating the impact of CS on s
i fancy youocial and environmental efficiency, but also for understanding the distributional impacts on other transport suppliers, and conquently, the acceptability of CS.
In this paper the topics are analyzed with respect to college students attending the Universities of Milan and Rome. The rearch is specifically focud on college students becau they reprent an important current and potential gment of the CS market. A rearch conducted in 2016 involving 37 Italian universities and 70.000 individuals estimates that 11% of the university students interviewed u a free-floating CS rvice, while 4% u a station-bad CS rvice. Lodigiani (2017)reports that in Milan 27% of CS members are college students and they u the rvice more frequently than the other market gments. A recent study carried out in Rome by the local administration reports that 90% of college students have a driver licen but only 35% have a private vehicle and reprent a promising and large potential gment for the CS providers. Moreover, it is well
会计岗位职责known that young generations are more nsitive to environmental issues and green pro
ducts, and find it easier to accept technological changes, as found by Yu et al. (2016). Younger people have limited disposable income and find advantageous to u CS, since it allows them to avoid the fixed costs of owing a private car and the fees to be paid when travelling downtown (parking and congestion charges). Finally, as suggested by Martin and Shaheen (2011b), college students have a highly dynamic life, characterized by frequent moving, changes in roommates, employment, cour schedules, and vehicles. Often, they live in different cities and hous during different times of the year. Their travel pattern can be very different from one year to the next. Conquently, it is advisable to study their mobility needs in a parate and gment-specific study.
>method是什么意思
