efinin第一章：Basic Concepts of Words and Voculary
1.1 What is a word
Linguists: 语言学家
a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and owlcitysyntactic function
单词是最小的自由形式具有给定声音的语言意义和句法功能。
※ 1）in visual terms视觉角度
a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper
一组有意义的字母打印或者写出来横排在一张纸上
※ 2）in terms of spoken language口语角度
a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sound which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment一个词被视为一个声音或声音的组合是由人类发声器官自动组合而成的
※ 3）manticists语义学家
a word is a unit of meaning一个词就是一个意义单位
※ 4）grammarians语法学家
a word be a free form that can function in ntence一个单词是可以在句子中起到自由形式的作用rapala
总结：
1) a minimal free form of a language一个语言的最小自由形式
2) a sound unity一个音的单位
majority
3) a unit of meaning一个意义单位
4) a form that can function alone in ntence可以在句子中单独发挥作用的形式
简答模板or例句
(1) man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be ud alone in a ntence. Naturally they are words.
man和fine都很简单，但它们都有发音、意义和句法功能，而且都可以单独用于句子中。它们自然是文字。
(2) There are words which are complex such as misfortune and management. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as subject object and predictive in a ntence.
有些词很复杂如“misfortune”和“management”。这两个词都是多音节词，在句子中可以充当主谓宾。
(3) Though misfortune can bi further divied as mis and fortune, the former cannot stand alone as aword.
虽然misfortune可以进一步划分为不幸和幸运，但前者不能单独作为一个词。
(4) Management can be broken down as manage and ment, the latter cannot be ud freely, either.
管理可以分为manage 和ment 后者也不能自由使用。
(5) Blackmail proceedcan be parated into black and mail, and both can work as independent units in a ntence, the meaning of each, however, is by no means the combination of the two. Black is a colour, opposite to ‘white’, And mail denotes ‘something nt by post’, yet when whey are put together, the combined form means ‘compel, compulsion, to make payment or action in return for concealment of discreditable crets etc.’ Hence blackmail is a different word
clemenceblackmail可以分为black和mail，两者都可以在一个句子中作为独立的单位工作，然而每个单位的意思绝不是两者的结合。black是一种颜色，相反 意思是“白色的”，而mail则表示“邮寄的东西”，但被放在一起时，这种合并形式意味着“强迫、强迫、支付或采取行动以换取隐瞒信誉”。 秘密等。因此，blackmail是一个不同的词
1.2 Sound and meaning
总结
1）symbol >> symbolic符号
2）arbitrary任意性的
3）no logical relationship无逻辑关系的
4）conventional约定俗称的
例句
1）there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itlf代表事物或思想的声音与实际事物和思想本身之间没有逻辑关系
2）a word is a symbol that stands for something el in the world一个词是一个符号，
代表着世界上的其他东西
3）a dog is called a dog not becau the sound and the three letters that make up the word just autpmatically suggest the animal in question狗之所以被称为狗，并不是因为这个声音和组成这个单词的三个字母,而是这个单词自动地暗示了所讨论的动物
4）in different languages the same concept can be reprented by different sounds. woman, for example ,become ‘funu’in Chine在不同的语言中，相同的概念可以用不同的声音来表示。例如，woman在中文里变成了“funu”
1.3 Sound and form
原因：
1）more phonemes than letters in English英语中音位数比字母数多
The English alphabet was adopted form the Romans, which does not have a parate letter to reprent each sound in the language so that some letters must
do double duty or work together in combination
英语字母表是从罗马人那里继承来的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个音，所以有些字母必须有双重功能或组合在一起
2）pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling发音比拼写变化得快
3）some of the differences were created by the early scribes有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的
1). deliberately changed spelling of words either to make a line even or for easier recognition
人们故意改变单词的拼写方式，或者是为了使单词排成一行，或者是为了更容易识别。法语元音
2). handwriting caud misunderstanding. To solve the problem in part, they changed the letter u to o when it came before m, n, or v. 笔迹造成误解。为了部分解决这个问题，他们改变了在m、n或v 变成 u 或 ocomment是什么意思
3). the scribes em to have decided that no English word should end in u or v. Thus, in time, an e was added to such words as live, have, due, and true but not pronounced.
抄写员似乎已经决定，英语单词不应该以u或v结尾。因此，随着时间的推移，e被添加到live、have、due、true等单词中，但不发音。
4). printing becarme well established. It helped to freeze the spelling of words. The standardization makes spelling sacred. Dictionaries did their share in stopping spelling changes.Meanwhile, sounds continued to change as usual, thus bringing more differences.
印刷业已成熟。它有助于固定单词的拼写。标准化使得拼写变得神圣。词典在阻止拼写变化方面发挥了作用。与此同时，声音像往常一样继续变化，从而带来更多的差异。
4）borrowing借用
This is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other languages, it borrowed spelling as well. The early borr
owings were assimilated and the later ones, however, do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling,
这是丰富英语词汇的重要渠道。当英语从其他语言中借用单词时，它也借用拼写。早期的借用被同化了，而后期的借用却不符合英语的发音和拼写规则
1.4 Vocabulary
识记：The term ‘vocabulary’ is ud in different ns. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words ud in a particular historical period.
术语“词汇”在不同的意义上使用。它不仅可以指一种语言中单词的总数，而且它可以代表在特定历史时期使用的所有单词。
1.5 Classification of words词的分类happy go lucky
1）Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ①u frequency, into content words and functional words by ②notion西安培训网, and into native w
ords and borrowed words by ③origin
词汇可以通过①使用频率分为基本词汇存量和非基本词汇，可以通过②实意分为内容词和功能词，也可以通过③来源分为母语和借用词。
