【翻译Ian】受治理的区块链
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The Governed Blockchain
受治理的区块链
作者：Ian Grigg
翻译：Lochaiching
Abstract: A blockchain is a platform controlled only by software rules, often termed a permissionless ledger. As the corporate world has entered into this new territory, it has modified the original vision to cr
eate permissioned blockchains. This mechanism, deployed to control anarchic and fraudulent behaviour, both, is familiar and effective, but comes with costs - it shuts out the small business, the engine of growth and innovation.
摘要：区块链是⼀种仅受软件规则控制的平台，通常被称为不需得到许可的分类帐本。随着商业逐渐开始进⼊这⼀新的领域寻求⾃⼰的⼀席之地，区块链最初的设想已经开始略有变化了——需要得到许可的区块链逐渐有了需求。这种⽤于控制⽆政府主义和欺诈性⾏为的机制，既熟悉⼜⾼效，但也伴随着成本——它将推动增长和创新的⼩企业拒之门外。
What would a blockchain for small business look like? From 1st principles, business needs a stable and safe environment, one in which its community is for it not against it. The missing element is the trust that a community can work together to resolve a disaster.
区块链中，⼩型企业会怎样呢？从第⼀个原则来看，商业需要⼀个相对稳定和安全的环境，并且在这个环境中，这个社区不反对它的存在。⽽缺少的因素是整个社区可以协作并共同解决社区危机的那份信任。
As blockchain isn’t that environment, the big money waits on the sidelines. To build trust onto a blockchain, we add a modicum of classical institutions of governance: a t of rules, and mechanism
s to keep people within the rules. But, crucially, we do not need to build a wall around to lock small business out.
既然区块链上述的情况，来⾃外部的⼤笔资⾦就只能先在⼀旁观望，看看先⾏者会出现什么情况。为了在区块链上建⽴信任，我们添加了⼀些传统惯⽤的治理机构：⼀套让⼤家遵纪守法的规则和机制。但最重要的是，我们不需要将⼩企业拒之门外。
We call the result The Governed Blockchain as a 3rd alternative to permissioned versus permissionless ledgers. It prerves
skyfall 歌词the free entry of open blockchains, but impos rules of behaviour within the blockchain’s Constitution, and methods to feedback responsibility on bad behaviour.
这样趋势导致的结果称为受治理的区块链，作为许可与⾮许可分类账簿的第三种选择。它保留了区块链⾃由进⼊的开放性，但在区块链的公约（Constitution）中规定了⾏为规则，以及制定了当事⼈对不良⾏为的负责⽅式。
The Governed Blockchain invites the entrepreneur in to build a business with some basic level of safety and curity, that
their business will not be destroyed by black swans and other disasters. It invites capital to deploy into blockchain to build business, where before, entrepreneurs were holding back.
这个受治理的区块链邀请企业家共同建⽴⼀个具有基本安全⽔平的商业标的，使他们的企业不会被⿊天鹅现象和其他灾难破坏殆尽。同时，它邀请资本到区块链部署并建⽴业务，⽽在此之前，企业家们还在犹豫。
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(a)The U nper m issio ned Blo c k c ha in
(a)未被许可的区块链
The original or classical Bitcoin as an Unpermissioned, public blockchain had the disadvantage that with only software-enforced controls, only the things that can be controlled in software will be controlled. Everything el is left uncontrolled.
原始的或经典的⽐特币作为⼀种未经许可的、公开的区块链有⼀个缺点：只有软件强制控制，软件中才能控制的东西才会被控制。其他⼀切都不受控制。
In effect, this means that there is a relatively stark line between simple and complex: relatively simple things such as payments can be controlled and are controlled becau we can code them up. In contrast, complex things such as relying on your counterparty to deliver a swap in a month cannot be so easily controlled.
实际上，这意味着简单和复杂之间有⼀个相对明了的界限：相对简单的事情，⽐如⽀付可以被控制和控制，因为可以⽤代码创建它们。相⽐之下，像依赖你的对⼿⽅在⼀个⽉内进⾏互换复杂的事情时是不容易控制的。
Hence the emingly obssive fixation by the blockchainers on exotic cryptography: multisig, zkSNARKs, ring signatures, Turing-complete smart contracts and other arcania. We must turn the complex into the simple, and without success, unpermissioned blockchains appear exciting but progress so far does not speak clearly or loudly to viable business u cas. The quest continues, even as it has broken many a venture, lost many a fortune and shows little sign of changing that pattern.
因此，在奇异的密码学上，封锁者们似乎执着于此:multisig, zkSNARKs, ring signatures, Turing-complete smart contract和其他arcania。我们必须把复杂的东西变成简单的东西，如果没有成功，未经许可的区块链就会让⼀些⼈感到兴奋。但是⽬前进展来看，并不能清晰对外⽤可⾏的商业⽤例来作为成功范本。这种追求仍在继续，尽管它穿越了很多冒险，失去了许多财富，⽽且没有显⽰出任何改变这种模式的迹象。
(b) The Per m issio ned Blo c k c ha in
(b)受许可的区块链
然后，带有⽤例的复杂商业业务转向Swanson受许可的分类账簿，希望⼀旦受到这样的控制，⼈们将会⾏动起来，让复杂的交易开始滚动[Swanson, 2015]。贸易创造收⼊，收⼊创造利润，利润创造⽣活—
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email是什么—这样的⼀切看起来很好。对Swanson的另⼀种观点是区块链财团，该财团设想共识由⼀个组织控制，除此之外，该联盟声称是开放的，可以⾃由交易[Buterin, 2015]。
But permissioned and consortium ledgers face another problem: the person who provides the permissions inevitably owns or controls the chain.
但是被许可的和财团的分类账簿⾯临着另⼀个问题：提供许可的⼈不可避免地拥有或控制了链。
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吸血鬼日记第二季下载He who permits, extracts. That person that controls the gate eks to moneti, and adds rules of discrimination to generate pricing opportunities. The owner is also lobbied by other powerful players,
and more rules are added to prerve the benefit
for the powerful. A further opportunity is that the owner can capture business from urs by raising barriers to entry.
the life of pi他允许提取物（extract）。那个控制把关的⼈寻求货币化，并增加了歧视规则以创造定价机会。所有者还受到了其他有权势玩家的游说，并增加了更多的规则来保护权贵们的利益。另⼀个机会是，所有者可以通过提⾼进⼊门槛从⽤户那⾥获取商业业务。
Thus the cost ris for all participants, and the chains eventually become dominated by a group of powerful players -
cartels following the economic theory if not the political viewpoint. Hence, the term is likely wrong: both permissioned and consortium chains will become private or clod blockchains given enough time and money.
因此，所有参与者的成本都会上升，⽽这些链上最终会被⼀群强⼤的参与者所控制——如果不是出于政治观点，也会遵循经济理论的卡特尔现象（译者注：垄断利益集团）。因此，这⼀术语很可能是错误的：受许可和联合链会因为给予⾜够的时间和⾦钱，成为私⼈的或封闭的区块链。
The permissioned blockchain is a clod, private chain.
经过许可的区块链是⼀个封闭的私⼈链。
Free agents e the blockchains as costly. Costs ri, so much so that Internet entrepreneurs do not like permissioned ledgers. The thesis of inevitable cartelisation suggests that the rational entrepreneur knows that the power of the center will inevitably be turned against them, and they conclude it isn’t worth their time and money. The money and effort they invest
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in the chain has low ROI (“return on investment”), so low it is expected to be negative returns.
⾃由代理者认为这些区块链代价⾼昂。成本上升，以⾄于互联⽹企业家不喜欢被许可的分类账簿。不可避免的卡特尔的理论表明，理性的企业家知道，中⼼化的⼒量不可避免地会对他们不利，他们认为这是不值得花时间和⾦钱的，因此在链上投资的资⾦和努⼒会有低的投资回报率(“投资回报”)，低到预期的负回报。
Indeed, perhaps, to some, the whole point of the blockchain is that there isn’t an owner, there isn’t a more powerful party, there isn’t a wizard behind the curtain, a central banker behind the coins, a core behind the code. I say, perhaps that is the point, becau the design of the blockchain is as it is, the
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point is as much what we ascribe to it and what we extract from it as any claimed starting position that spawned the first blockchain.hatch
事实上，对⼀些⼈来说，区块链的全部意义在于，没有⼀个是真正意义上的所有者，没有⼀个更强⼤的⼀⽅，幕后没有巫师，币的背后没有央⾏⾏长，代码背后没有核⼼利益所有者。所以我说，也许这就是重点，因为区块链的设计就是这样的，重点是我们赋予它的和我们从它中提取出来的东西，就像任何声称产⽣第⼀个区块链的起始位置⼀样。
More importantly, what is perhaps becoming clearer is this: everyone can probably agree with the principle that we automate everything that is simple to automate. Whereas, between the two camps either side of the permissioning fence, there is little
or no agreement as to what to do with the space of complexity that lies above the line of simplicity.
更重要的是，可能越来越清楚：每个⼈都可能同意“我们将⼀切简单⾃动化”的原则。然⽽，在两个阵营中，在许可的围栏的两边，⼏乎没有或没有达成⼀致的协议，在简单的这条线之上复杂性的空间应该如何处理。
