海丰吴⽒,耕读传家
在⼭东省滨州市⽆棣县古城的南门⾥,有⼀座明清时代的院落,⽓势恢宏,别具⼀格,这就是远近闻名的吴家⼤院。吴⽒家族⼈丁兴旺,⽀脉繁多,⽽吴家⼤院的主⼈主要是吴式芬这⼀⽀,因此,吴家⼤院也被称为“吴式芬故居”。人教版七年级下册英语
▲吴式芬故居是清代吴⽒家族⽣活的地⽅,为明清时期官宦府第的典型代表。uk postcode
01
九世朝⾂府邸
吴式芬故居占地7000多平⽅⽶,分为南北两院,是清代吴⽒家族⽣活的地⽅。其建筑上的⼀个突出特点是廊厦围院,单体建筑由长廊连接起来。因此,吴式芬故居既具明清官宅之⽓势,⼜备江南园林古建筑艺术之情趣,是明清时期官宦府第的典型代表,具有很⾼的考古价值和艺术价值。
据说,在吴式芬故居的建设过程中,吴家⼈⾃⼰挖⼟烧砖,竟然挖出了⼀个⽔湾⼉,当地⼈称之为吴家湾,吴家实⼒可见⼀斑。⾛进吴式芬故居,进门影壁墙西为“⽗⼦进⼠厅”院落,正厅门上挂着两块匾额。上⾯⼀块蓝底⾦字,题有“尚书第”字样;下⾯⼀块红底⾦字,题“进⼠世家”字样。japan airlines
教育部考试中心 ▲吴式芬故居是⾦⽯研究的交流中⼼。
推开邻院的⼀间房舍,⼀块红框⿊底鎏着⾦边的匾额令⼈瞩⽬。尽管匾额上因历经时代变迁⽽留下斑驳的漆⾯和灰垢,但是⾦⾊正楷体的“尚书第”三个⼤字仍然熠熠⽣辉。2013年年底,当地政府费尽周折,找回了当年这块由乾隆朝宰相于敏中亲⾃为吴⽒家族题写的“尚书第”匾额。
如此贵重的“礼物”,诉说着吴⽒家族的辉煌。对于吴⽒家族构建的⽂化盛世,⼭东师范⼤学教授朱亚⾮曾描述称,登科⼊仕者的多寡是衡量家族兴盛与否的重要标准,吴⽒家族在科举上取得了突出成绩,从乾隆⾄道光年间,⼗三世⾄⼗七世的吴⽒⼦孙中共出现了13名举⼈,6名进⼠,17名贡⽣,16名太学⽣,廪⽣、监⽣、庠⽣共13名。其中,吴坛、吴熙曾、吴侍曾、吴式敏、吴式群、吴式芬先后中进⼠,更是为吴⽒家族赢得了“进⼠之家”的称谓。
▲“尚书第”诉说着吴⽒家族耕读传家的辉煌。
02
传承忠贞家风
作为明清⼭东六⼤望族之⼀,数百年⾥,吴⽒家族形成了鲜明的从政风格,即忠君爱民、清廉俭朴,诚信公正、勤勉谨慎,兴⽂宣教、以德化民,整个家族历史上没有出现⼀个贪官、庸官。
乾隆年间,官吏回避制度⾮常严格,有直系⾎缘关系的⼈不允许在同⼀个部门任职。然⽽,吴⽒家族中的吴绍诗和吴垣、吴坛⽗⼦三⼈同朝同为巡抚侍郎,先后在刑部任职,在朝中传为美谈。吴绍诗去世以后,乾隆皇帝感动于吴⽒⼀门的忠贞,特赐吴绍诗谥号“恭定”,并御笔为吴⽒家族写下“忠贞世胄,恭定家风”⼋个⼤字。
《⽆棣吴⽒族谱》卷⾸《序》在谈及吴⽒家族前⼏世的发展情况时说:“吾吴⽒始祖讳⼠安公……累世潜德弗曜。⾄九世祖荣寿公移居城内……”经过近⼗代⼈的耕读,吴⽒家族才实现了“⼊仕”,并不断涌现进⼠。吴⽒家族从农耕世家发展为⽂化望族,其家风起到极其重要的作⽤。
“童蒙⼊学,先须教导……”在吴式芬故居的⼀⾯⽯刻墙上,刻着吴式芬对孩⼦进⾏家塾授蒙的教导,名⽈《家塾授蒙浅语》。这是吴式芬对家风家训的总结,更是对家族⼦弟的谆谆教导。
吴⽒家族的家风可概括为三点:⼀是“淳风厚德,直谅恬素”。这是对吴⽒⼦孙们的品德要求,要通过⾃⼰的⾏为树⽴道德威信,并结交良师益友。⼆是“崇儒重⽂,耕读⽽仕”。这是对吴⽒⼦孙们的读书和⽣活⽅式的要求,⼦孙进可以出仕荣⾝兼济天下,退则居家耕读独善其⾝。三是“忠贞孝友,礼仪传家”。这是对吴⽒⼦孙们⾛上仕途之后的要求,要做到忠诚坚贞、孝亲敬友、尊礼重仪、传承世家。2010年5⽉,吴式芬故居被中共滨州市纪律检查委员会命名为“全市廉政教育基地”。2021年2⽉,吴式芬故居被评为“市级爱国主义教育基地”。
▲吴式芬故居的整体建筑风格既具明清官宅之⽓势,⼜备江南园林古建筑艺术之情趣。
03
集⾦⽯研究之⼤成
清代,是中国传统考证学的全盛时期。梁启超说:“其在我国,⾃秦以后,确能成为时代思潮者,则汉之经学,隋唐之佛学,宋及明之理学,清之考证学,四者⽽已。”伴随着考证学的兴盛,⾦⽯学发展迅猛,成为⼀时显学。由于⾦⽯备受重视,寻访、考古活动亦异常活跃,出⼟器物⽇益增多,⾦⽯研究范围逐渐扩⼤。砖、⽡、陶器、钟⿍彝器、钱币、玺印、兵器、⽟器、镜鉴、封泥都纳⼊其中。在⾦⽯学研究领域涌现出⼀批著名学者,其中不乏博学多才、精于著述之⼈,吴式芬就是其中⼀位。凸台
月夜忆舍弟
吴式芬⼀⽣坎坷,40岁才步⼊仕途,职务屡屡变更。在为官奔波之间,他的⾜迹遍及半个中国,饱览名胜古迹,体察风⼟⼈情,结交⼋⽅友⼈,也为他拓宽视野,⼴泛搜集⾦⽯书画、封泥等提供了便利,令其在封泥和古玺印的研究⽅⾯取得突出成就。
吴式芬对于中国封泥研究尤其具有开创性意义,其《海丰吴⽒藏汉封泥》是见于⽂献记载最早专门考释封泥的著作,使吴式芬成为中国第⼀位为封泥正名的⼈。以⾄于王国维在《简牍检署考》中说:“古⼈以泥封书,虽散见于载籍,然⾄后世,其制久废,⼏不知有此事实……封泥之出⼟,不过百年内之事。当时或以为印范,及吴式芬之《封泥考略》出,始定为封泥。”
在玺印⽅⾯,吴式芬著有《双虞壶斋印存》传世,⾸次将东周时期的玺印排列在秦汉玺印之前。吴式芬很早就开始古印的收藏与研究,⽆论藏印数量还是品类都堪称⼤家。但在⾦⽯⽂物⽅⾯,吴式芬的收藏则仅寥寥数⼗器,在当时南北收藏各家之中,不但不⾜以与叶⽒平安馆相颉颃,就⼭左⼀隅⽽论,也与陈⽒愙斋所藏不可同⽇⽽语。但在当时收藏各家之中,吴式芬的声望与愙斋不相上下,原因就在于他精于鉴赏、考订之故。
不仅如此,吴式芬还注重与⾦⽯名家如阮元、朱为弼、吴荣光、刘喜海等⼈交流,常通过书信⼀起讨论⾦⽂异同。《捃古录》稿本册内夹有与翁同书讨论的书信:“两齐侯器与史密合,其中有难识之字,未知尊释已尽识之否?”⼜云:“两齐侯器未有稿本,阅过仍望掷还。”由此⾜见,吴式芬与这些⾦⽯学者之间的交往之密切。在与不同学者的交流中,吴式芬得以借观各家藏品并作释⽂。
my friend英语作文吴式芬的同道好友还有汪喜孙、吴荣光等,公⼲之余,或研讨⾦⽯,或切磋⾳韵,或鉴赏书画,或校勘经史。吴式芬于训诂尤为独到,可谓“⽆字不通,⽆艺不精”,故有“硕学通儒”之誉称。吴式芬结缘的⽂化名⼈,⼤都为他⾦⽯学同道和后学弟⼦,他以成就集⼤成者为尊,对中国⾦⽯⽂化的发展产⽣了深远的社会影响,吴式芬故居也同北京的宣武城南坊吴宅成为⾦⽯研究的交流中⼼。英语原声电影
Wu Family in Haifeng, an Agricultural and Literary Family
At the South Gate, the Old Town of Wudi, Binzhou, Shandong, there is a magnificent yet distinctive c
ourtyard of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, i.e., Wu Family Compound, which is known far and wide. The compound was mainly owned by the descendants of Wu Shifen. Thus, it is also known as the “Former Residence of Wu Shifen”.
北京电脑培训>reforceThe “Former Residence of Wu Shifen” is compod of South and North Compounds. It is prominently characterized in that single buildings are connected by a long corridor. Thus, the entire architectural style layout has not only the imposing manner of official residences of Ming and Qing, but also the artistic aesthetics of ancient gardens on the Yangtze Delta. It is a typical reprentative of official mansions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and of great archaeological and artistic value.
The Wu family, also known as the “Wu Family in Haifeng”, was a famous family of imperial exams in the Qing Dynasty. Over hundreds of years, the Wu family had formed a distinct political style, i.e. loyalty to the monarch, love for the people, incorruptibility, thrift, good faith, impartiality, diligence, prudence, advocacy for culture and education, and edification of the people with morality. There were no venal or incompetent officials in the history of the family. The family tradition played a significant role in the development of the Wu family from a farming family to a distinguished literary family.
In the study field of bronze and stone inions, there were erudite men skilled at writing in the family,and Wu Shifen was one of them. Living a bumpy life, he did not enter his official career until the age of 40, and had position changes frequently. In the period, he traveled almost half of China, enjoyed scenic spots and historical sites, obrved local customs and practices, and made friends from all parts, which made it convenient for him to broaden his horizons and extensively collect bronze and stone inions, calligraphy and painting works, and aling clay, and enabled him to make outstanding achievements in the rearch of aling clay and ancient als. As with the Wu Family Mansion in Nanfang, Xuanwu, Beijing, the Former Residence of Wu Shifen has become a center for exchanges and studies of bronze and stone inions.
⽂字:刁艳杰
图⽚:由滨州市⽆棣县古城发展服务中⼼提供