undefined
increa strength and durability of components and to meet customers' requirements for riding comfort and driving safety. In automobile suspension, the major component is springs. The springs ud on today's vehicles are engineered in a wide variety of types, sizes, rates and capacities. Spring types include leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars. Springs are paired off on vehicles in various combinations, and are attached to vehicle by different mounting techniques. 悬架系统的主要目的是提高零部件的强度和寿命，并满足顾客对车辆乘坐舒适性和驾驶安全性的需求。汽车悬架上的主要部件是弹簧。在当今车辆上使用的弹簧被设计制造成许多不同的型号、大小、标准及负载。弹簧类型包括钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧和扭力弹簧。弹簧以各种组合形式在车辆上配套使用，并用不同的装配技术将弹簧装在车辆上。 The function of the steering system is to provide the drive
honour研究生现场确认地点tvir with a means for controlling the direction of the vehicle as it moves. The steering system consists of steering wheel, steering shaft, worm, gear ctor, pitman arm, drag link, steering knuckle arm, king pin, steering arms, tie rod, front axle and steering knuckle. They enable the car to change the direction by means of turning and moving forth and back. 转向系统的用途是在驾驶员的操纵下控制汽车行驶的方向。转向系统包括转向盘、转向轴、蜗杆、扇形齿轮、转向摇臂、直拉杆、转向节臂、主销、转向臂、转向横拉杆、前轴和转向节。这些零部件前后移动或转动，可以使汽车改变运动方向。 The automobile brake system is a friction device to change power into heat. When the brakes are applied, they convert the power of momentum of the
国庆安全教育moving vehicle {kinetic energy) into heat by means of friction, thus retarding the motion of the vehicle. Structurally, an automotive brake system contains the major parts like brake drum, brake shoe, brake lining, etc. Functionally, an automotive brake system can be divided into wheel brake mechanism and parking brake mechanism. 汽车制动系统是一种将动力转变为热量的摩擦装置。当使用制动器时，制动器通过摩擦将行驶车辆的动量力转变成热量，从而使车辆运动停滞。从结构上讲，汽车制动系含有几个主要部件，如
2014上海高考数学制动鼓、制动蹄片、制动器摩擦衬片等。从功能上讲，汽车制动系可分为行车制动机构和停车制动机构。 The automobile body rves the obvious purpo of providing shelter, comfort and protection for the occupants. The body is generally classified into four ctions: the front, the rear, the top and the underbody. The ctions can further fall into a lot of asmblies and parts, such as the hood, the fenders, the roof panels, the door, the instrument panel, the bumpers and the luggage compartment. 车身的基本功能就是向乘员提供保护，使其乘坐舒适并保证安全。车身一般分为四个部分:车前部、车后部、车顶部和车下部。这些部分可以进一步分为许多的分总成和部件，如发动机盖板、 挡泥板、车身顶板、车门、仪表板、汽车保险杠和行李箱。 The electric system supplies lighting and driving power for the automobile. It cranks me engine for starting. It supplies the high-voltage surges that ignite the compresd air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers. The electric system includes the battery, generator, starting system, ignition system, lighting system, horn system, radio and other devices. 电气系统向汽车提供照明2012金球奖
与驱动电力。它能起动发动机、提供高压电脉冲点燃燃烧室中空气和燃油的高压混合气等。
电气系统包括电池、发电机、起动系统、点火系统、照明系统、喇叭、收音机以及其他装置。 The auto description above ems to conclude that though automobiles are quite different in design, they are basically similar in structure. 综上所述，尽管汽车的设计变化很大，然而汽车的构造基本上是一样的。 Text Four-stage-engine Operation There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines and internal combustion engines. But, the internal combustion engine ems to be the one most commonly ud in the automotive field. According to the fuel energy ud, internal combustion engines are further divided into gasoline engines, kerone engines, diel engines, etc. 四行程发动机工作过程 发动机有各种各样的类型，如电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机。但是，在汽车领域里内燃机似乎是 用得最为普遍的发动机。根据所用燃料，内燃机还可分为汽油机、煤油机、柴油机等。 The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force ud to propel the vehicle. The actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be classified into four stages, or strokes. "Stroke" refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other.
The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center) .The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead
shanshancenter). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion. 顾名思义，内燃发动机是在汽缸里燃烧燃料，将内燃的膨胀力转变成推动汽车前进的旋转力。发动机汽缸内的工作过程可以分为四个过程或行程。(冲程)行程是指活塞的运动，即活塞从某一限定位置到另一限定位置的运动。活塞运动的上限称为TDC(上止点)，下限称为BDC(下止点)。一个行程就是活塞从上止点到下止点，或从下止点到上止点的运动。换句话说，活塞每完成一个行程， 就改变一次其运动的方向。 Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine. The four-stroke-cycle engine is also called the Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto , who first applied the principle in 1876. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power and exhaust. Intake stroke. On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through th
apologize什么意思e valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor. Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel, it begins to move upward. As this happens, the intake valve clos. The exhaust valve is also clod, so that the cylinder is aled. As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compresd. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the mixture has been compresd to as little as one-tenth of its
