When evolution works against us
recommended 当进化背离我们
upper
raining sunshineA Life has changed in just about every way since small tribes of hunter-gatherers roamed the earth armed with nothing but spears and stone tools. We now buy our meat from the supermarket rather than stalking it through the jungle; hous and high-ris shelter us at night instead of caves. But despite the changes, some very basic respons linger on. The short, sharp feeling of heightened awareness that sweeps through us when a stranger pass in a dark alley is no different, physiologically speaking, from the nsation our ancestors experienced when they were walking through the bushes and heard a dry twig snap nearby. It's called the 'fight or flight' respon, and it helps us to identify dangerous situations and act decisively by, as the name suggests, mustering our strength for a confrontation or running away as fast as we can.
mrs是什么意思英文新闻
自那些仅以长矛石器为装备的小规模的狩猎聚居部落游走于这地球上以来，生命就发生了改变。现在，我们不去丛林中打猎，而是去超市买肉；我们也不再去洞穴里过夜，因为有
房屋和高耸的建筑作为我们的庇护场所。但除开这些改变之外，一些非常基本的反应依然存在。当昏暗的小径上路过一个陌生人的时候，我们会突然提高警惕，这跟我们的祖先在穿越灌木时听见附近一根枯枝的折断声所产生的反应在心理上来说是没有什么不同的。这被称作“战斗”或者“逃跑”反应。它会帮助我们判断危险，并作出相应的决定。顾名思义，也就是集中力量进行对抗或是以最快的速度逃走。
B This shift to survival mode is often popularly described as a sudden unea, a n that a situation is 'off' or 'not right'. However, the n is actually the outcome of an incredibly complex mind-body process which involves the brain's 'fear centre', the hypothalamus, advising the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system to work, at first parately, and then together, to blend a potent mix of hormones and chemicals and crete them into the bloodstream. Our heartbeat ris, along with our respiratory rate. Skin feels cold (hence the 'shiver' down the spine) as blood supply is redirected to the larger muscles required for a physical confrontation or a hasty retreat. T
he ability to concentrate on issues of minor importance also suffers, as the brain tends to prioriti 'big picture' thinking at this time.
这种求生的转变经常被认作是关乎这个处境是该“逃”还是该“打”的一种突发的不自在。但是，这种感觉实际上是源自一种非常复杂的思维-行动过程。该过程牵扯到头脑的“恐惧中心”和下丘脑。再由下丘脑启动交感神经系统和肾上腺皮应系统，开始二者分开工作，之后一起工作。并由此产生一种有效的混合激素和化学物质，最后分泌到全身血液循环中。随着呼吸频率的增加，我们的心跳开始加快。届时，由于血液供应改道，流向那些机体对抗或仓促撤退所需的大型肌肉群，皮肤就会感到寒冷（脊背发凉）。这个时候，大脑会更倾向于将全局思考放在首位，于是对于其他次要问题的注意力就会有所下降。
C Without this instinctive respon, the human race would never have survived, but at prent it is often more of a hindrance than a help. Although instances of physical threats have decread over the years, activation of the fight or flight respon has actually incread, largely in respon to mental frustrations. This pos a problem, however, becau the fight or flight mechanism functions most helpfully as a respon to somethin
pmc是什么意思g that can cau bodily harm, such as a falling tree or a wild animal, rather than in respon to a fulminating boss, a traffic jam, or a spou who has not returned a phone call. During the instances of mental distress, the physical manifestations of fight or flight, such as an inability to think rationally and calmly, can actually exacerbate the problem.
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如果没有这种本能反应，人类不可能存活到今天。但如今，这种本能反应多数情况下却成了一种阻碍，而非帮助。在过去的几年中，尽管物理威胁的事例有所减少，但事实上打架对抗的活动是增加了，尤其是在精神挫折方面。但这又产生了一个新的问题，因为这种对抗或者对抗机制只有在应对那些能造成有形伤害的事情——沦落的意思比如说一棵快倒掉的树，一种濒危的野生动物——才能起到有益的作用，而不能良好用于一个严词谴责的老板，一次交通拥堵或一个没有回电话的配偶。在这些精神痛苦的期间，各种身体对抗表现，比如说理智冷静思考的欠缺，都会加剧这一问题。
sonofabitch
D A similar ca of an development overstaying its welcome is the example of 'mind chatter'. Mind chatter is the cealess train of scattered thoughts and lf-talk that occupi
es our mind, ensuring we are always 'switched on: arching for danger and threats. This would have been a boon for a solitary caveman on a three-hour hunting expedition, but in a modern world already overloaded with nsory input, it caus us to fret about non- existent predicaments and occasionally needlessly triggers the fight or flight respon.
类似而言，一次改革发展超过其受欢迎的时间也是“头脑喋喋不休”的一个例子。头脑喋喋不休就如一条由凌乱的思绪和自言自语连接而成的前行不止的列车。它使我们一直处于运作状态：不停地寻找危险。这对一个正处于三小时狩猎之行的穴居人来说，可能会是一种恩惠。但在一个超负荷运转的现代世界中，它却使我们为不存在的困境担忧，偶尔还会导致一些不必要的斗争。
E The twin forces, mind chatter and the fight or flight respon, have combined to wreak havoc on the modern psyche and have led to a spike in what some studies have suggested is a cau of up to eighty per cent of all illness today: stress. Stress, erroneously considered by many to be a mere feeling, is actually a physiological condition resulting from a cumulative accrual of certain hormones in the body, hormones t
hat can help us in quick, sharp dos, but which are toxic if they are not properly metabolid. Metabolism of the potentially toxic hormones relies on physical exertion, which originally evolved as part of the fight or flight process - hormone relea was usually followed by physical exertion (fighting or running), which returned the body to a state of balance. In prent day encounters, however, the vital element of physical exertion is missing: a rentful employee cannot punch his co- worker, for example, and a frustrated driver is unable to simply ram his way through a packed interction.
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