枕木sleeper
轨枕crossing
平交道口multiple unti
动车组high-speed railways
高速铁路maglev
磁力悬浮火车centrifugal force 离心力emergency brake handle 紧急制动手柄metro
地铁light rail
轻轨铁路commuter train
通勤车tanker
罐车operation 运转操作infrastructure
下部构造platform
站台EMU
电力牵引动车组DMU
内燃牵引动车组cushioning
减震缓冲electricity-air control 电空控制antiskid
防滑装置bolster
枕rotational resistance
回转阻hunting
蛇行narrow-gauge
窄轨bolster springs
摇枕弹簧damper
减震器阻尼器longitudinal
anti-yawing dampers
纵向抗蛇行减震器disc brakes 盘形制动traction transfer device 牵引装置wheel tread brakes
踏面制动tread gradient
踏面斜lf-steering
自导向V ehicle Suspension
车辆悬挂cushion system
缓冲装置vertical movement
垂向振动primary suspension
一系悬挂装condary suspension 二系悬挂装置车钩coupler
摇枕bolster
乘务员crew
轴箱axlebox
棚车boxcar
封闭车housing car
保温refrigerator car
牲畜车stock car
漏斗车hopper
罐车tank car
集装箱container
车体carboy
复合车combine car
邮政车railway post office
圆顶车dome
转向架bogie
瞭望车obrvation car
缓冲器draft gear
行李车baggage car
卧铺车sleeping car
旁承side bearer
制动缸brake cylinder
侧梁side beams
横梁cross beamscrosstie
敞车gondola 英译汉
1.The basic design of a
pasnger car hasn”t changed much
since the middle of the 19th
century,but there are veral
spoilerdifferent pasnger car types in
rvice around the world.
2.自19世纪中期以来，客车的
基本设计没有发生多大改变，但仍
有不同形式的客车在全世界范围
内使用。
3.The cars on a freight train are
ldom all alike. They are usually of
many sizes and perhaps many
colors ,and there are different kinds
of cars for different kinds of freight.
4.组成一列货物列车的车辆很
少全部是一种类型。通常有很多类
型和不同颜色，各种不同类型的车
辆是针对不同的货物而设计。
5.Gondolas are ud to ship
heavy and or bulk commodities such
as scrap metal, aggregates,wood
chips ,finished steel,and structural or
dimensional products such as steel
beams and poles.
6.敞车用来运送质量较重或是
散装货物，如废金属，蔬菜，木头，
钢材制品以及钢梁和钢棒等型材。
7.Now that pasnger cars were
lighter,they were able to carry
heavier loads,but the size of the
average pasnger that rode in them
didn’t increa to match the cars’
new capacities.
8.现在的客车比以前更轻而且
承载能力更强。但是普通客车承载
容量的增大不能满足客车新的承
载需求。
9.Cars can be coupled together
into a train,either hauled by a
locomotive or lf-pow-ered.
10.多节车辆连挂构成列车，由
机车牵引或自带动力。
11.Many facilities are now
applied to pasnger carrying cars
which contribute to the comfort and
some to the entertainment of
pasngers, such as air conditioning
and public address system.
12.现在为了提高客车舒适性
和满足公众娱乐，在客车上采用了
许多设施，如空调，公共服务场所。
13.Ensure good ride comfort by
absorbing vibration generated by
track irregularities and minimizing
impact of centrifugal forces when
train runs on curves at high speed.
14.通过吸收线路不平顺引起
的震动和减小高速通过曲线时离
心力的冲击确保乘坐舒适。
15.Swing hanger bogie and
small lateral stiffness bolster spring
bogie.
16.摇动台悬挂转向架和小横
向刚度摇枕弹簧悬挂转向架。
17.Although the swing hanger
type achieves good ride comfort by
minimizing horizontal stiffness of
the suspension gear,its maintenance
is relatively difficult due to the
complex structure and large number
of wearing parts.
18.虽然通过减小悬挂装置的
水平刚度，摇动台悬挂转向架获得
了较好的乘坐舒适性，但由于结构
复杂，磨耗部件多，其维护较困难。
19.In the 1980s,a bolsterless
bogie was commercialized to
improve performance by reducing
the number of parts and the bogie
weight.
20.20世纪80年代，无摇枕转
向架实现了商业化，该转向架通过
减少零部件的数量和转向架的重
量来改善转向架的性能。
21.Corrugated wheels with a
corrugates outer face have been
commercialized to boost
rigidity ,while reducing plate
thickness and weight.
22.波形（S形）辅板车轮减小
了辅板厚度和降低自重的同时提
高了车轮刚度，所以批量生产。
23.The big advantage of such
drives is that all the weight of the
motor is carried in the bogie
frame(so it is a frame mounted
motor)instead of it being directly
supported by the axle and therefore
partially unsprung.
24.这种驱动（空心轴）装置最
大的优点是电机的重量不在作为
部分簧下重量直接由车轴承担，而
是全部由转向架构架承担（架悬式
电机）。
25.It was recognized very early
in the development of railways that
the interface between vehicle body
and wheel needed some sort of
cushion system to reduce the
vibration felt as the train moved
along the line.
26.在铁路发展早期，大家普遍
认为：在车轮和轮对连接处需要安
装一些缓冲系统来较低列车运行
时的震动，
27.This system was bad on a
steel plate framed bogie with
laminate spring axlebox
suspension ,much as en on the first
vehicles,and with a condary
suspension added between the car
body and the bogie.
28.该系统（悬挂系统）由装在
构架上的叠板弹簧轴箱悬挂构成。
这种系统在早期车辆中比较多见，并且在车体和转向架之间装有二
系悬挂装置。
29.Apart from the provision of
a better ride,air suspension has one additional feature rare on conventional steel or rubber suspension systems~the ability to provide an accurate load/weight signal which an be ud to modify the acceleration and braking of a multiple unit train.
30.除了具有较好的运行性能，空气弹簧悬挂还有另外一个特点，它可以为动车组列车提供准确的
载重信号从而来操控加速或制动，这一特点在普通的钢弹簧悬挂和
橡胶弹簧悬挂系统中是没有的。
31.The bolster bogie was developed first. A fundamental characteristic of the bogie is that it must rotate relative to the body on curves,while retaining high rotational resistance during
high-speed running on straight ctions in order to prevent wheelt hunting that reduces ride comfort.To achieve the characteristics,the bolster bogie has a center pivot that rves as the center of rotation,and side bearers that resist rotation
32.，摇枕转向架首先被改进。转向架的基本特点是在通过曲线
时能够相对车体转动，而在直线上高速运行时保持较高的回转阻尼
以限制降低运行舒适性的轮对蛇形。为了获得这些性能，有摇枕转向架由中心销实现回转，由旁承来阻尼回转。
33.17Freight car is a general term ud to designate all kinds of cars which carry
goods ,merchandize,
外文参考文献
produce,minerals,etc.,to distinguish them from tho which carry pasngers or are ud in pasnger train rvice.
34.货车是用来指定各种汽车运送货物，采购、生产、矿物质等。，以区别于那些载客或用于客运列
车服务。
35.18.Pasnger cars for carrying and rving the travelling public ,whether heavyweight of lightweight,can be split into veral car types(listed in alphabetical order):baggage,coach,combine,diner, dome,lounge,obrvation,Pullman,m erchandi,railway post
office(RPO)and sleeper.
36.客车载客和旅游公共服务，无论重载或者轻载可以分成几种
客车类型(按字母顺序列出)：行李车，坐席车，复合车，餐馆车，圆顶车,
休息室，瞭望车、卧车、商务车、铁
路邮局(RPO)车和卧铺。
拒绝
37.19.For the transportation of
compresd gas under high
pressures,multiple cylinders or
container of comparatively small
diameter are mounted on or form
part of the car.
38.对于高压下的压缩气体的
运输，复架的圆筒或者直径较小的
集装箱被安装在车体上形成车体
的一部分。
39.With the advent of
containerized freight, special types
of flatcar were built to carry
standard shipping containers and
mi-trailers
40..随着集装箱运输的出现，
特殊类型的平车被设计用来运输
标准型的集装箱和半挂车
41.22. Schnabel car--- speclized
type flat car for carrying heavy and
oversized loads in such a way thatsysu
the load itlf makes up part of the
car even larger and heavier loads
42.钳夹式长大货车--一种特
殊类型的平车，运送超重超大负载
以一种负载本身作为车的一部分
的方式，即使是更大更重的负载亦
可。
43.23.Gondolas can be covered
or open ,with fixed sides and end or
drop-ends and solid or drop
bottoms ,depending on the
customer’s loading requirements
44..敞车可以覆盖或敞篷，有
侧墙和可以向下翻的端墙和固定
的向下倾斜的底部，这取决于客户
的装载要求。
45.24.Refrigerator cars are ud
to carry fruits and vegetables in the
winter,as well as in the
summer,though one could hardly say
they were being ud as
“refrigerator”cars in the winter
time.冷藏车在冬季被用来运送水
果和蔬菜，以及在夏季，虽然人们
可以很难说他们被用来作为“冰
箱”车在冬天的时候。
46.25.The container car reduces
the work of loading and unloading
cars at freight stations and lesns
the danger of loss and breakage of
the goods which they carry.
47.集装箱降低了装卸车在货
运站的工作，减轻损失和他们携带
的物品破损的危险。
48.26.Some liquids form gas if
they become too warm, and tank
cars have safety valves,similar to the
safety valve on a steam
locomotive,which open and permit
the gas to escape when the pressure
reaches a certain point.
49.如果温度太高，一些液体会
变成气体，罐车都有安全阀，就像
蒸汽机车的安全阀一样，当压力达
到一定值时，就呈开放状态，放出
气体
50.27.Railway or
railroad,form of transportation most
commonly consisting of steel
rails,called tracks,on which freight
cars,pasnger cars,and other rolling
stock are drawn by one locomotive
or more.
51.铁路是交通中最常见的由
钢轨组成，称为轨道，在它上面有
货车，客车或者其他机车车辆被一
个或多个火车头牵引。
52.28.There are two common
types of open top cars,the gondola
car and the hopper car. The chief
difference between thes two is that
the gondola car has a flat floor or
bottom,while the hopper car has
floor which slopes downward from
each end and in some car from the
sides also.
53.开顶车有两种常见的类型，
敞车和漏斗车。两者之间的主要区
别是，敞车有一个平坦的地板或底
部，而漏斗车前后两端都有向下倾
斜的陡坡，在某些车上侧面也有。
54.29.Box cars are made in
many different sizes. V ery large ones
are ud for automobiles and
furniture. Automobile cars have
double doors or extra large single
doors in the sides,and some of
them have large doors at the
ends,through which the automobiles
can be loaded and unloaded.
55.棚车有许多不同的尺寸。非
常大的被用来运送汽车和家具。运
送汽车的棚车有两个门，或者侧面
有一个额外的大门，其中一些尾部
有大门，便于装卸汽车。
56.30.Sometimes you may e
a train hauling steel bridge beams or
wooden poles so long that need
veral flat cars together to carry
cryptology
them. Along the sides and at the
ends of the floor of the flat car there
are usually a number of metal
pockets,in which wooden stakes
may be placed,if necessary ,to hold
freight on the car. If you have ever
en a flat car loaded with lumber
perhaps you have notices how the
lumber is held in places by the
stakes.
57.有时你会看到一列车用好
几辆平车来运送钢桥横梁或者很
长的木杆。沿着侧墙或者在地板的
尾部通常有大量的金属空格，其中可以安置木桩，如果需要的话，可以拴住车上的货物。如果你曾经见过运送木材的平车，你可能会注意到木材是怎样被这样木桩固定的。
58.31.Using tilting
train,railroads are able to run pasnger trains over the same tracks at higher speeds than would otherwi be possible
59.比起采用其他措施，使用摆式列车可以使列车以更高的速度
运行在相同的线路上
60.32A heaveyweight car is one that is physically heavier than a lightweight car due to its construction.
61. 重载列车由于它的结构，在物理上比轻载列车更重。
62.3By building pasnger cars out of steel instead of wood,the manufacturers were able to build lighter weight cars with smooth or fluted sides and smooth roof lines.
63.通过用钢材代替木材来修造旅客列车，制造商可以修造有着光滑，带凹槽的侧墙，以及光滑车顶曲线的轻载列车
64.34. The beds were designed in such a way that they either rolled or folded out of the way or converted into ats for daytime u.
65.床的设计以这样一种方式，它们要么卷起或折叠，或转换成席位白天使用。
66.35.Railroad pasnger train car as now designed for u on our railways are practically of all steel construction.
67.铁路旅客列车车厢像现在专为我们的铁路使用的实际都是
钢结构的。
68.36.As pasnger car construction improved to the point where dome cars were introduced,some pasnger car manufacturers began building double decker pasnger cars for u in areas that are
more heavily populated or to carry more pasnger over a long distance while using fewer cars.Cars ud on
long-distance pasnger trains could combine features of any of the basic car types, while cars ud in local commuter rvice are often strictly coach types on both levels
69.由于客车建设提高到圆顶车的生产，一些客车厂家开始在更人口稠密或使用较少客车携带更
多的乘客在长途领域上建立双层
客车，使用长途旅客列车可以结合任何基本类型车辆的功能，而在当地通勤服务中使用的客车两层都
有严格的客车类型
70.37.The car’s interior is
filled with row upon row of ats,
generally all arranged facing toward
one end of the car. The ats are
often so clo together that there is
not much room for anything more
than a pasnger or two in them .
Carry-on baggage is stowed on a
shelf above the pasnger ating
area. Coaches are sometimes徘徊的意思
referred to as chair cars.
71.车的内部充满了一排排的
座位，通常被安置着面向着车得同
一侧。座位往往靠的非常近，因而
除了一两个旅客之外，再没有多余
的空间。随身携带的行李被放在旅
客座位上部的架子上。坐席就是通
常所提到的椅子。
72.38.A baggage car is a type
of rail transport pasnger car. Its
purpo is to carry the checked
baggage of the pasngers in a
pasnger train . The baggage car is
normally placed between the train’s
disney englishmotive power and the remainder of
the pasnger train and is typically
coupled at the front of the train clo
to the locomotives. Becau this考研课程
type of car is usually hauled at the
front of a pasnger train, it is
sometimes classified as “head-end
equipment”
73.行李车是一种旅客列车。它
的目的是在客车上运输旅客的行
李。行李车通常被设置在动力部分
和旅客车厢中间，通常连接在靠近
机车的部分。因为这种车通常在客
车之前被牵引，所以一般被分类为
“前端设备”。
74.39.A dome car is a type of
railroad pasnger car that can
include features of lounge car,
dining car and an obrvation. Its
primary feature is a glass dome on
the top of the car where pasnger
can ride and e in all directions
around the car.
75.圆顶车是一种包含了休闲
室，餐车和瞭望车特点的旅客列
车。它主要的特点就是顶部有一玻
璃圆顶，旅客可以在各个方位进行
观察。
76.Bogies can be classified into
non-articulated and articulated types
according to the suspension
77.按照悬挂装置，转向架可以
分为铰接和非铰接转向架。
78.41.To ensure good ride
comfort on pasnger cars, the bogie
must absorb the rolling motion that
pasngers are most nsitive to.
79.为了确保客车良好的运行
舒适性，转向架必须吸收乘客最敏
感的侧滚运动
80.42.Conventional swing
hanger bogie designs support the
body by using lower swing bolster
beams suspended from the bogie
frame by means of a link consisting
of two vertical members that widen
toward the bottom, together with
bolster springs and upper swing
bolster beams (to support vertical
movement).
81.摇动台悬挂转向架常采用
悬挂在转向架构架上的摇枕托梁
和摇枕弹簧和摇枕（支持垂向运
动）一起来支持车体，其中摇枕托
梁通过一个由两个末端加宽的垂
直组件组成的链接件（摇枕托吊）
与构架连接。
82.43.The bogie frame
accommodates various bogie
equipment and is generally
fabricated by welding together two
side beams and two cross beams into
an H-shaped frame.
83.转向架构架用于安装各种
转向架设备，通常由两根侧梁和两
根横梁组焊成H型.
84.44.It is a critical component
determining the running
performance of the bogie, ride
comfort and bogie frame
construction, due to the suspension
method and support rigidity
85.其悬挂方式和支撑刚度决
定转向架性能，运行舒适性和转向
架构架的结构
86.Wheels are susceptible to
mass imbalance, which caus
vibration of the axle and wheel and
is transmitted to the body, producing
uncomfortable resonance（['rezənə
ns] ）at certain speeds.
87.车轮易产生不均重，这会使
车轮和车轴产生振动，并传给车
softskill体，在特定速度下会引起令人不舒
服的共振。
88.46.The no suspension
device was large and heavy to
withstand vibration generated by the
axle and also due to the slow speed
of the motor, resulting in large bogie
mass and unsprung mass.
89.抱轴式悬挂装置体积重量
大，增大了转向架的质量和簧下质
量使得牵引速度下降，使得它能够
抵挡轴所产生的振动。
90. 47.Bogies are classified
into single-axle, two-axle, three-axle,
etc., bad on the number of axles.
91.The two-axle bogie is most
common. In addition to its relatively
simple structure, it has the advantage of decreasing the impact of track irregularities on the railcar at
the car suspension point, in comparison to the single-axle bogie which transmits the impact to the car directly .
92.由于转向架在两条钢轨上运行，所以其最基本的结构要素是一根车轴和两个轮子，车轮通常压装在车轴上按轴数分类，转向架可以分为单轴，两轴，三轴等。最常见的是两轴转向架。除了结构相对简单外，它还有减小轨道不平顺在轨道车辆悬挂点冲击的优点。而单轴转向架则将冲击直接传给车体。
93.48.Although the articulated bogie has some disadvantages, such as a complex structure, incread axle load due to the support of one body by one bogie, and difficult maintenance, it offers various advantages including a lower centre of gravity, better ride comfort becau car ends do not overhang bogies, and less effect of running noi on pasngers becau ats are not over bogies.
94.虽然铰接式转向架存在结构复杂，因为车体由一个转向架支撑使得轴重增加，维修困难的缺点，但也有重心低，运行舒适性好（因为车端没有悬挂在转向架上）和噪音影响小（因为座位不在转向架上）等诸多优点。
95.49.The suspension gear (bolster spring, traction transfer device, anti-yawing damper, and lateral damper) plays an important role in supporting the body, allowing the bogie to rotate relative to the car body on curves, isolating the body from vibration (including high harmonics) generated by the bo
gie, and transmitting traction force from the bogie to the body. For the purpos, the bolsterless bogie has air springs that permit large horizontal displacement, as well as a traction transfer device (classified into permanent-link type, the Z-link type and laminated- rubber type) at
the virtual rotational centre of the
bogie for transmitting the tractive
later什么意思force to the car.
96.悬挂装置（中央弹簧，牵引
装置，抗蛇形运动减震器和横向减
震器）在车体支撑中起着重要的作
用，它使得通过曲线时转向架能够
相对车体转动，隔离转向架产生的
振动和噪音，传递牵引力。为了实
现这些功能，无摇枕转向架装有允
许大水平变形的空气弹簧，还有设
在转向架虚拟回转中心的牵引装
置（包括半永久连接，Z型连接和
层状橡胶三种），传递牵引力。
97.50.The axlebox was only
allowed vertical movement,since it
was restrained by two “horns”
extending down from the
underframe.
98.自从被底架下伸出的两导
框所约束，轴箱只允许垂向振动。
99.51. This system was bad
on a steel plate framed bogie with
laminated spring axlebox suspension,
much as en on the frist vehicles,
and with a condary suspension
added between the car body and the
bogie .
100.这种系统由装在构架上的
叠板弹簧轴箱悬挂装置构成，这种
系统在早期的车辆中比较多见，并
在车体和转向架间有二系悬挂装
置。
101.52 .The spring plank rests
on bearer rods suspended between
the swing links. This arrangement
allows the spring plank to rock from
said to said and it will act in
opposition to sideways movement of
the bogie frame.
102.弹簧托板座在吊轴上，悬
挂在摇枕吊环之间。这种组成装置
的形式允许弹簧托板从一侧向另
一侧摆动，可以限制转向架构架的
侧向运动。
103.53 .It was recognized very
early in the development of railways
that the interface between vehicle
body and wheel need some sort of
cushion system to reduce the
vibration felt as the train moved
along the line.
104.在铁路发展早期，大家普
遍认为：在车体和轮对的结合处需
要安装一些缓冲装置来降低列车
运行时的振动。
105.54.The spring consisted of
a t of different length steel plates
arranged with the longest at the top
and the shortest at the ba of the t.
They were held together with a steel
strap in the centre.This strap formed
the point of contact with the
axlebox.The laminations or”leave”
of steel gave ri to the”leaf spring”
name more commonly ud today .
They were also referred to as
“elliptical ”springs ,on account
of the curved shape they often
formed.
106.这个弹簧有着不同长度的
钢板所组成，最长的在上面，最短
的在下面。他们被钢带连接在一
起。这个带子形成的点和轴箱相连
接。一层层钢板叠起来放置形成的
“叠板弹簧”这个名字在今天使用
的更为普遍。由于形成的曲线形
状，也别称为“椭圆弹簧”。
107.55.The condary
suspension of the bogie is mounted
crosswi in the centre, the bogie has
a pair of transver members
called “transoms”. They are riveted
or welded (depending on the
design)to the bogie side frames,a
steel”swing link ”is hung from
each end of each transom and a
spring plank is laid across the bogie
between them,a said view of the
bogie below shows the way the
spring plank is supported by the
swing links.
108.转向架的二系悬挂横向安
装在中心。转向架有一对横向构件
被称为“横梁”。他们被铆接或者
焊接在转向架的侧架上，钢制摇枕
吊环被悬挂在横梁的尾部，并且弹
簧托板横穿在转向架和摇枕吊杆
之间。从侧面看转向架下面，展示
出来弹簧托板是如何被摇枕吊杆
所支撑的。
109.
