1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choo the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Until recently l most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raid the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and miry for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.
This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worn and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.
短裤英文怎么写
1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted
2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal
3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate
4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude
5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By
6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely
7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover
8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for
9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated
10. ［A］noted ［B］impresd ［C］labeled ［D］marked
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choo the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)
Text 1
Few creations of big technol ogy capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to asrt themlves. Eg ypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
形容词的用法But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant rervoir of dia which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and
Hungarians stopped just short of nding in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itlf.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cau hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve the conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or
scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.
11. The third ntence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things [D] fascination makes people lo their eyesight
12. In Para graph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.
[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations
[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam areaqsi
13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.
14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.
[A] “It’s no u crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”
[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”
Text 2outcome
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and rvices together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has incread by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury cretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of busines s anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppo.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering”has been crude. In many cas, he believes, the loss of revenue has been
greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Ronshine is blunter. He dismiss a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”
15.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.
utan[A] not as good as it ems [B] at its turning point
[C] much better than it ems [D] near to complete recovery
16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fa ll short of businessmen’s anticipation
[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
17. The author rais the question “what about pain without gain?” becau ________.
[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of business
18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
[A] Radical reforms are esntial for the increa of productivity.
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increa productivity.
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.
Text 3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechan istic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in veral books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and No
rman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which asmbled last June nea r Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with tho who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decread funding for basic rearch.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, who manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in U
S News & World Report last May emed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are tho who question the evidence supporting global warming, the
depletion of the ozone layer and other conquences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some obrvers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten tho who regard themlves as more enlightened.”
19.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] paration [D] contempt
20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
[A] discuss the cau of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists
[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.
22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.
commented[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biad [D] puzzling
Text 4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most denly populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
Altogether, the US population ro in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” genera tion reached its child bearing years.
Moreover, demographers e the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent res pectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is compod of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American arch for spacious living than in the Far West. There,
California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.igmp
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they cho -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, Califo rnia’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnesd a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
24. The census distinguished itlf from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
[A] it stress the climatic influence on population distribution
阿肯色大学排名[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it r eveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”
25. We can e from the available statistics that ________.
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked cond of all states in its growth rate of population
26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conrvatives clinging to old patterns of life
Text 5
西班牙语发音
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to ge意大利语我爱你
ologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cas the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the a floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that em to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying the continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continen ts are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical process that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to
