英语词汇学各个章节的内容
Introduction 部分：
Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography
研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学
2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization
第一章：
What is word ?
上海夜校
词具有哪些特点？
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a ntence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
词的分类（classification of a word）
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？
1) simple words 2) complex words
单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple
多音节词例子：
职称英语考试答案
e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mail
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and dog. cat
大学英语四级查分2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be reprented by
different sounds.生疏
What is relationship between sound and form?
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of
the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral
form, such as English language.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more differences
occur between the two.
What are the great changes that caus illogical relationship orget busy living or get busy dying
irregularity between sound and form?
1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was
adopted from the Romans, which does not have a parate letter to
reprent each sound in the language so that some letters must do
double duty or work together in combination.
2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly
than spelling over the years, and in some cas the two have drawn farwow怎么读
apart.
3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the
early scribes.
globe4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of
enriching the English vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
1) influenced by Romans
2) Pronunciation changed
3) early scribes
4) borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？
专科考研的条件
e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)
877外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ?不一致。
What is vocabulary?
V ocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but
it can stand for all the words ud in a particular historical period.
V ocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,
a given discipline and the words possd by an individual person.
Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)
What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?
Three criteria : 1) By u of frequency2) By notion 3) By origin
By u of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary
By notion 可划分为：1) Content word 2) Functional word
Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)
Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (
Functional words 的别称)
Functional words posss a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e.
stability
According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine
functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polymy 5) Collocability
要把握住…All national character?的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water …
e.g. machine, video, telephone …e.g. bow, chariot , knight
Stability is relative, not absolute.
根据词的u frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？
1) sonata, algebra
2) Bottom line ( Jargon )
3) smoky, bear ( Slang )
4) persuader
5) Dialectal station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)
6) wilt (will)
7) email ( Neologisms )
副词的比较级和最高级beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference
Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional word s ?
