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雅思阅读模拟真题——The Triumph of Unreason
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The Triumph of Unreason?
凯特琳泽塔琼斯A. Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But tha
古比t contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B. The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect n. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical conquences for utility in the cas. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C. One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that
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encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Bria
美国加州地震n Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachutts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D. In a study, the three rearchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a ries of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the rearchers first prented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four conds. In the final stage, which also lasted four conds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the rearchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.
E. The rearchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
absorbing>green leafF. When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices incread activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations
of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of uptting pictures. The rearchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purcha an item.smoking是什么意思
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