化学专业英语之无机化合物命名

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化学专业英语之无机化合物命名

THE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

With the discovery of thousands of new inorganic compounds it has become necessary to revi the Traditional rules of nomenclature. An international committee has recommended a t of rules for naming compounds, and the are now being adopted throughout the world. Many of the older names are still ud, however, and our ensuing discussion will include in many cas both the old and new, with emphasis on the latter. One of the principal changes is that propod by Albert Stock and now known as the Stock system for the naming of compounds of metals (oxides, hydroxides, and salts) in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state. In the cas the oxidation state of the metal is shown by a Roman numeral in parenthes immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its oxidation number1. If the metal has only one common oxidation number, no Roman numeral is ud. Another important change is in the naming of complex ions and coordination compounds. We will defer the nomenclature of the latter until the compounds are discusd.

Naming Metal Oxides. Bas, and Salts

The student should have a good start in learning nomenclature if he has learned the Valence Table 3 which gives both charges on ions and names for the more common ones2英文书写格式. A compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al (OH )3 is aluminum hydroxide; FeBr2 is iron ( I ) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca (C2H3O2)2 is calcium acetate; Cr2 (SO,)3 is chromium ( I ) sulfate or chromic sulfate, and so on. Table 4 gives some additional examples of the naming of metal compounds. Of the two common systems ud, the Stock system is preferred. Note that even in this system; however, the name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Valence Table 4.

Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with ide are the hydroxide ion, OH- , and the cyanide ion, CN-.

Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the u of the sulffixes ite and ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms respectively. In cas where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo and per, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be ud. A ries of oxyanions is named in Table 5.

Table 3. Some Common Ions

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1+		2 +		2 +			3 +
ammonium	NH4+	barium	Ba2+	magnesium	Mg2+		aluminum	Al3+
copper(1)	Cu+	calcium	Ca2+	mangane ( I )	Mn2+		chromium ( I )	Cr3+
hydrogen	H +	chromium ( II )	Cr2+	mercury ( I )	Hg2+		iron( I )	Fe3+
potassium	burst K +	copper (II )	Cu2+	mercury( I )	Hg22+
silver	Ag+	iron( II )	Fe2+	tin( I )	Sn2+
sodium	Na+	lead( II)	Pb2+	strontium zinc	Sr2+ Zn2+
3-		2-		1-			1-
arnate	AsO43-	carbonate	CO32-	acetate		C2H3O2-	hydrogen sulfite	HSO2-
arnite	AsO33-	chromate	CrO42-	bromide		Br-	hydride	H-
phosphate	POali larter43-	dichromate	Cr2Oubc72-	chlorate		ClO3-	hydroxide	OH- numb歌词
phosphite	PO33-	oxalate	O22-	chloride		Cl-	hypochlorite	ClO-
		oxide	C2O42-	chlorite		ClO2	iodate	IO3-
		tall sulfide	S2-	cyanide		CN-	nitrate	NO3-
		sulfate	SO42-	fluoride		F-	iodide	I-
		sulfite	SO32-	hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)		HCO3-	nitrate nitrite	NO3- NO2-
				hydrogen sulfate		HSO4-	perchlorate permanganate	NO3- MnO4-

Table 4. Names of some metal oxides .bas .and salts

FeO	iron( II ) oxide	ferrous oxide
Fe2O3	iron( III ) oxide	ferric oxide
Sn(OH)2	tin(II) hydroxide	stannous hydroxide
Sn(OH)4	tin(IV) hydroxide	stannic hydroxide
Hg2SO4	mercury( I ) sulfate	mercurous sulfate
HgSO4	mercury (II) sulfate	mercuric sulfate
NaClO	sodium hypochlorite	sodium hypochlorite
K2Cr2O7	potassium dichromate	potassium dichromate
Cu3(AsO4)2	法律硕士考试copper(II) arnate	cupric arnate
Cr2(C2H4O2)3	chromium(III ) acetate	chromic acetate

Naming Nonmetal oxides

The older system of naming and one still widely ud employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound3. The prefixes ud are (l)mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra-, (5)penta-, (6) hexa-, (7)hepata-, (8)octa-, (9)nona-and (10)deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.

The Stock system is also ud with1 nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.

Table 5. Names of oxyanions

Fewest Oxygen Atoms hypo — ite		Fewer Oxygen Atoms — ite		More Oxygen Atoms -----ate		Most Oxygen Atoms per — ate
ClO-	hypochlorite	ClO2-	chlorite	ClO3-	chlorate	ClO4-	perchlorate
BrO-	hypobromite	BrO2-	bromite	BrO3-	bromate	BrO4-	perbromate
IO-	hypoiodite	IO2-	iodite	IO3-	iodate	IO4-	periodate
PO23-	hypophosphite	PO33-	phosphite	PO43-	phosphate
		NO2-	nitrite	NO3-	nitrate
		SO32-	sulfite	SO42- CO32-	sulfate carbonate