文学特征：
口语考试1、environment：①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境
②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾
3、romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
★4、transcendentalism超验主义：
①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor
systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of
American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
③they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading power
nickyfor goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
④it could exerci a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.
“Go back to nature, sink yourlf back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of cour, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
人性本善
Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced
rmons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
6、Imaginative literature想象类文学
7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England →Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。
二、代表作家：
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution
① the first great pro stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first
great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infud with
psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
⑤manner 形式>matter 内容；avoid moralization教化to entertain娱乐/
amu消遣
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
①contribution: launched two kinds of immenly popular stories →the a
adventure tale and the frontier saga
开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》
、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”
uniformly《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美
ally国最接近史诗的作品。
③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet 诗人
①as Irving had shown that American pro had cone of age, so Bryant
demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand rious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧
洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。
②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国
主要诗人称号的作家。
2017高考全国卷1
③ “To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language.
用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论
家。
轸怀②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）
③“The Fall of the Hou of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》
the title poem of a collection, “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
④often u grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。readability 可读性→ totality of impression 开门见山，加强印象
compression 浓缩
finality 要求结局
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义
引入新英格兰的先驱。
②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind
思想独立, and lf-reliance自强.
③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“The American Scholar”
《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Reprentative Men ”《代表》and “English
Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》英语学习技巧
⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the
blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。
6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默
生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。
②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随
笔。非暴力不合作
③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find
out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。
Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau
1. Birth and growth
•New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” (1836-1855)
•the first American intellectual movement; the summit of American Romanticism •Centre: Boston and Concord(Emerson’s home)
•the beginning of transcendentalism: 1836, Nature by Emerson: a new way of intellectual thinking in America
2. Emerson’s Definition
l The univer is compod of Nature and the Soul. Spirit is prent everywhere”----Emerson
韩国高丽大学
l “Transcendentalism: “What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is idealism;
idealism appears in 1842…whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought…”-------Emerson
3. 1842: the Transcendentalism Club: The Dial
l New Englanders: Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, teachers and clergymen
l Transcendentalism: derived from the Latin verb “transcendere” meaning “to ri above” “or to pass beyond limits”
l the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five ns, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor.
l The transcendental law was the “moral law” through which man discovered the nature of God as a living spirit.
dig是什么意思4. major concepts
l Intuition: The power of intuition: people could learn things both from the outside world by means of
the five ns and from the inner world by intuition. Everyone has access to a source of knowledge that transcended the everyday experiences of nsation and reflection. Intuition was inner light within.
l Spirit: As romantic idealism, it places spirit first and matter cond. Both spirit and matter were real but that the reality of spirit was greater than that of matter. Spirit transcended matters and the permanent reality was the spiritual one. It stresd esnce behind appearance.
l Nature: It looks nature as a symbol of spirit or God. It stresd unity of humanity and nature. All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s prence. Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming prence. Everything in the univer was viewed as an expression of the divine spirit. Beyond physical objects was a universal soul. “oversoul.” Nature was God’s enlightenment toward human beings. Nature can exerci a healthy influence on human mind, so people should come clo to nature for instructions. Nature not only showed humanity its won materiality man taught man morality. Nature’s beauty was the beauty of human kind.
l Individualism: The significance of the individual. The individual soul could communicate with god, so it is divine. It can reach God without the help of churches or clergy. The individual was the most i
mportant element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was lf-reliant and unlfish. People should depend on themlves for spiritual perfection. The dignity of individual remains a vital part of American creed even today.
l Oversoul”: Religion was an emotional communication between and individual soul and the universal “Oversoul” the “over soul” was an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omniprent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was apart. It existed in nature and in humanity alike and constituted the chief element of the univer. Generally, the Oversoul referred to spirit or God as the most important thing in the univer. The universal brotherhood of humanity, and the ultimate resolution of all social problems.
mamba是什么意思
l A simple and spiritual-oriented life
5. Influence: romantic idealism on Puritan soil
