一、祈使语气:
概念:表示请求、命令或让某人做某事的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句又分为肯定和否定两种形式。
祈使句属于说话人带有一种命令或请求的口气时所使用的一种省略句。
一般形式为:用动词原形开头,即省略主语(you)。
动词原形 + 宾语/表语
例:Study English carefully! 要认真学习英语。
表达委婉、客气的语气时,要加入plea。
例:Plea open the door. 或 Open the door, plea.
规则:
1、除了直接使用单词或词组的特例外,祈使句必须以动词原形出现在句首。
例:Watch out! 当心!
2、有时为了强调,在动词原形前使用do。
例:Do come to e me again.一定再来看我。
Do write to me.一定给我写信。
3、祈使句的否定形式为在句首加否定词Don’t(即相当于谓语只有一个核心动词的否定句省略了主语)。
例:Don’t cry!别喊!
4、当说话人提出的建议包括对方和自己在内时,则用Let’s(Let us) 开头。
例:Let’s go shopping.我们去购物吧。
二、感叹语气
表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句句末常用感叹号(!),一般用降
调。句首多用how或what,其余与陈述句相同。
1、由how引导的感叹句:how在感叹句中可修饰形容词、副词、谓语动词等,即对形容词、副词、谓语动词等发出感叹。
例:How beautiful it is!它多美呀!(修饰形容词beautiful)
How well the clothes fit! 这衣服多合身!(修饰副词well)
How wonderful! 多妙呀!(省略结构,句末省略了it is)
How hard she works! 她工作多努力啊! headcount ratio
How I misd you! 我多么想你呀!(感叹谓语动词)
典型句式:How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓结构
2、what在感叹句中可修饰名词,即对名词发出感叹。名词如是可数名词的单数,其前需用what a / an。其它单数名词以及复数名词前多用what,它相当于把系表结构中的表语移到句首并在前面加感叹词。
例:What an opportunity!多么好的机会呀!
What a fine day!多晴朗的天呀!
What beautiful pictures they are!那些图片多漂亮啊!
What delicious food it is!多好吃的食物啊!
What bad weather it is!多糟糕的天气!
What flowers!多美的花呀!
三、虚拟语气
(一)概念:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观希望、愿望、假设或推测等。
例如:You don’t have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you went on business first.
你不必这么匆忙,我希望你能先去出差。
So be it then. 那就这样吧!
(May you a )Happy birthday! 生日快乐!
If she had received your invitation, I’m sure she would have come.
如果她接到了你的邀请,我相信她会来的。
(二)虚拟语气的一般形式
语气的条件句可分为两类:一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。反之,如果假设的情况是过去或现在不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,在英语中则使用虚拟条件句。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件从句和主句的动词的一般形式列表如下:
时间 动词形式 | urp从句 | matahariku主句 |
与现在事实相反 | 动词过去式或be的过去式一般用were | would, should, could或might + 动词原形 |
与过去事实相反 | had + 过去分词 | would, should, could或might + have + 过去分词 |
与将来事实可能相反 | 动词过去式/should + 动词原形;were to + 动词原形 | would, should, could或might + 动词原形 |
| | |
注:主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美式英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。
(三)虚拟语气的用法
1、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果
例:If I were you, I would stay at home.要是我的话,我就会呆在家里。comer
If I should help you, I certainly would.要是能帮你,我肯定帮你。
If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, a lot more of us would be getting sick.
要是自来水真像某些人想的那样,那么我们当中更多的人就会不舒服了。
If it were not raining now, I would be watering the flowers in the garden.
如果现在不下雨的话,我就在院子里给花浇水了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果
例:If I had had money, I would have bought the flat immediately.
当时我要有钱的话,我就会立刻买了那套公寓的。
If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
如果整个操作不是提前计划的话,就会损失大量的时间和金钱。
I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.
如果我不是那么绝望的话,我就不会诉诸法庭了。
小王子
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果
例:If it were to/should rain tomorrow, we should put off the sports meet.
如果明天下雨的话,我们就会将运动会推迟。
If I were out of duty, I would give you a hand.
如果我不值班的话,我就会帮你了。
4、混合虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致,这时动词的形式要根据实际所表示的时间加以调整(通常从句与过去相反,主句与现在相反)。
例:If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.
如果你摔下的时候我当时不是站在梯子下抓住你的话,你现在就不会笑了。
If you had attended the meeting, you would know what to do next.
count on
如果当时你参加了会议,你就知道下一步该怎么办了。
5、虚拟条件句可以转换的形式
knife的意思
1)省略连词if
在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had或should, 可以把if省略,而把这几个词放到从句句首(主语之前),从句构成主谓倒装(通常从句在主句之前)。
例:Were it to rain tomorrow/should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meet.
如果明天下雨的话,我们就将推迟运动会。
Had I been free then, I should have helped him.
当时我要是有时间,我就会帮助他了。
Were it not for you, I would not help him.
要不是因为你,我就不会帮助他。amplify
Had it not been for you, I would not have turned to them for help.
要不是因为你,我当时不会向他们求助的。
2)隐含虚拟语气
(1)用without, with, but for 介词短语代替条件状语从句(即有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示)。
例:Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the task on time.
没有你的帮忙,我们就不会按时完成任务了。
But for your advice, I would have given it up.
要不是你的建议,我就会放弃了。
What would you do with the million yuan you might win?
假如你赢得了一百万,那你会用它干什么?服务员的英文
(2)假设的情况又是可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。
例:I would have helped you but I was too busy.
我本想帮助你,可我当时太忙了。
He would have liked to attend the meeting, but he has been in poor condition.
他倒是想去参加会议,可是身体一直不好。
3)省去条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件句
例:You could have done it better.你本可以做得更好。(省略了if you had wanted to)
(2)省去主句
例:If only I were there now! 要是我现在在那里就好了!
approveIf only I had been there then! 要是我当时在那里就好了!
(四)虚拟语气的其他用法
1、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
1)在“建议、要求、命令”(suggest, suggestion, decide, ask, recommend, demand, order, propo, insist, request, desire)等词后的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。
例:I suggested he (should)adapt himlf to his new conditions.