1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 多产性productivity移位性displacement文化传播性cultural transmission
2.语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 mantics语用学 pragmatics
4. Origin of language ①the divine-origine theory...②The bow-wow theory..In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that
③The pooh-pooh theory… In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into languagedick什么意思.④The “yo-he-ho” theory….As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.
5.What is linguistics：is generally a scientific study of language .It is a major branch of social science.
6. macrolinguistics宏观语言学①Psycholinguistics 心理语言学② Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
③Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学④ Computational linguistics 计算语言学
7.autodocImportant distinctions in linguistics ①Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式②Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时③Competence and performance语言能力和语言运用④Langue & parole语言和言语
①The informativebeard可数吗 function means language is the instrument of thought and people often u it to communicate new information.
②The interpersonal function means people can u language to establish and maintain their status in a society.
③The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the ntencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.
④The emotive function is one of the most powerful us of language becau it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.
⑤The phatic communion means people always u some small, emingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.
⑥The recreational 清明节扫墓演讲稿function means people u language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.
⑦The metalingual function means people can u language to talk about itlf. E.g. I can u the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also u the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itlf.
①Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.
②Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and quencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
③Morphologytuesday怎么读 studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation process.
④Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form ntences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of ntences.
⑤Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.osmotics
⑥Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.
语音学slayersPhonetics
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas:①Articulatory pho
netics – the study of the production of speech sounds②Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech③Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds
Speech organs发音器官：are tho parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts: the initiator of the air stream气流发生器官, the producer of voice声音发生器官and the resonating cavities. 声音共振器官
元音The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.
Manners of articulation辅音的发音方式refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished
| bilabial | labiodental | dental | alveolar | borne是什么意思postalveolar | palatal | velar | glottal |
Stop/plosive | P b | | | T d | | | K g | |
nasal | m | | | n | | | ŋ | |
fricative | | F v | θδ | S z | | | | h |
approxiamant | (w) | | | | | j | w | |
lateral | | | | l | | | | acquit |
affricate | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | medical是什么意思 | |
[p]voiceless bilabial stop [b]voiced bilabial stop
[s]voiceless alveolar fricative[z]voiced alveolar[m] bilabial nasal
[n] alveolar nasal [l] alveolar lateral
[j] palatal approximant [h] glottal fricative [r] alveolar approximant
[i:]high front ten unroundvowel[u]high back lax rounded vowel
