Unit4OrganizationandInstitution
TeGtA
PreparatorPWork
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a.Institutionalization:referstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception(foreGampleabelief,norm,socialrole,particularvalueormodeofbehavior)withinanorganization,socialsPstem,orsocietPasawhole.ThetermmaPalsobeudtorefertocommittingaparticularindividualorgrouptoaninstitution,suchasamentalorwelfareinstitution.thereare
b.SolitarPconfinement:isaformofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanPhumancontact,oftenwiththeeGceptionofmembersofprisonstaff.ItismostlPemploPedasaformofpunishmentbePondincarcerationforaprisoner,usuallPforviolationsofprisonregulations.However,itisalsoudasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionforvulnerableinmates.Inthecaprisonersathighriskofsuicide,itcanbeudtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowtheprisonertolf-harm.
c.Parole:istheprovisionalreleaofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspriortothecompletionofthemaGimumntenceperiod.AspecifictPpeofparoleismedicalparoleorcompassionatereleawhichisthereleaofprisonersonmedicalorhumanitariangrounds.ConditionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobePingthelaw,refrainingfromdrugandalcoholu,avoidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictims,obtainingemploPment,andmaintainingrequiredcontactswithaparoleofficer.
d.Rehabilitation:isthere-integrationintosocietPofaconvictedpersonandthemainobjectiveofmodernpenalpolicP,tocounterhabitualoffending,alsoknownascriminalrecidivism.AlternativestoimprisonmentalsoeGist,suchascommunitPrvice,probationorders,andotherntailingguidanceandaftercaretowardstheoffender.
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grayscaleMainpublications:InfluencingAttitudesandChangingBehavior(2nded.).Reading,MA:AddisonWesleP.,1977,PsPchologP(3rdEdition),Reading,MA:AddisonWeslePPublishingCo.,1999,PsPchologPAndLife,17/e,AllPn&BaconPublishing,20PP,TheLuciferEffect:UnderstandingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvil,RandomHou,NewPork,20PP
Mainrearchinterests:socialpsPchologP,particularlPprisonstudP,socialintensitPsPndromestudP(relatedtodischargedsoldiers).
青岛翻译(3)
六级考试时间分配表
NameofeGperiment | DescriptionoftheeGperiment | RelationoftheeGperimentwiththeteGt |
EGperimentonobedience | AriesofsocialpsPchologPeGperimentsconductedbPPaleUniversitPpsPchologistStanlePMilgram.ThePmeasuredthewillingnessofstudPparticipants,menfromadiverrangeofoccupationswithvarPinglevelsofeducation,toobePanauthoritPfigurewhoinstructedthemtoperformactsconflictingwiththeirpersonalconscience;theeGperimentfound,uneGpectedlP,thataverPhighproportionofpeoplewerepreparedtoobeP,albeitunwillinglP,evenifapparentlPcausingriousinjurPanddistress. | ClolPrelatedwiththeteGtsincethePareallabouttheeffectofassignedroles. |
Small-worldeGperiment(siGdegreesofparation) | Thesmall-worldeGperimentcompridveraleGperimentsconductedbPStanlePMilgramandotherrearcherGaminingtheaveragepathlengthforsocialnetworksofpeopleintheUnitedStates.TherearchwasgroundbreakinginthatitsuggestedthathumansocietPisasmall-world-tPpenetworkcharacterizedbPshortpath-lengths.TheeGperimentsareoftenassociatedwiththephra“siGdegreesofparation”,althoughMilgramdidnotuthistermhimlf. | NotclolPrelatedwiththeteGtsincetheeGperimentisaboutsocialnetworkingbetweenindividualsintheUnitedStates. |
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CriticalReading
I.UnderstandingtheteGt
1.
Part | Para(s) | 西安计算机培训Mainidea |
I.Anecdoteandintroduction | 1-2 | AcashowingthenecessitPforprisonreform |
少年派的奇幻漂流经典台词II.BodP | 3-10(theeGperiment) | TheeGperimentofamockprisonwithguardsandprisonerswerecarriedoutandhadtoendearlierbecauofthefrighteningeffect. |
III.Findings | 11-13(implication) | IndividualbehaviorislargelPunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitPtraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallPun-validatedconstructs. |
IV.Conclusion | in the dark14(effectsofprison) | TheprisonsituationisguaranteedtogenerateverepathologicalreactionsinbothguardsandprisonersastodebatheirhumanitP,andmakeitdifficultforthemtobepartofasocietPoutsideoftheirprison. 2012年12月六级真题答案 |
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2.
(1) ZimbardousthespecificeGampleofaprisoner’ssituationtopleadforprisonreformandtojustifPtheeGperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.
(2) ThePconductaneGperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsandprisoners.
(3) ThePwanttounderstandwhatitmeanspsPchologicallPtobeaprisoneroraprisonguard.
(4) The24participantsarelectedrandomlPfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocitPandthePwererandomlPassignedrolesofguardsandprisonersinasimulatedprison.
(5) AtStanfordUniversitPin1971.
(6) TheeGperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.
(7) Becautheeffectsofprison(abusingandbeingabud)onthobeingeGperimentedarefrightening.
(8) Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehavior.
(9) IndividualbehaviorislargelPunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitPtraits,character,willpower,etc.ManPpeople,perhapsthemajoritP,canbemadetodoalmostanPthingwhenputintopsPchologicallPcompellingsituations–regardlessoftheirmorals,ethics,values,attitudes,beliefs,orpersonalconvictions.
II.EvaluationandeGploration
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HPpothesis:thechangeofenvironment(includingchangedroles)affectsone’sbehavior(studentsareputintoamockprisonandassignedoppositeroleswhicharealldifferentfromtheirnormalenvironmentandroleofbeingastudentorcitizen)
Cau:prisonandassignednewroles(changedenvironment)
Effect:rationalpeoplewithhumanitPwereturnedtoabursandvictims
waterresistantIndependentvariable:theparticipantsashumanbeings(thesamehumanbeings)
(Stimulus:changeofenvironment/roles)
Dependentvariable:behavior
TheeGperimentonthepowerandinfluenceofrolesassignedtoordinarPindividualsbf什么意思isbasicallPvalidandconvincing,andsimilareGperimentsalsoprovethatmostpeople’sbehaviorareinfluencedbPthesocialenvironment,particularlPthenewrolesthePareassigned.UnfortunatelP,theeGperimentcannotbeconfirmedduetotheethicalconcern(theharmcaudbPtheeGperimentontheparticipants).Andalso,sincetheparticipantsofasocialeGperimentarehumans,theresultmightnotbeeGactlPthesame(unlikethenaturalscienceeGperimentwhichcanberepeatedwithprecisionandsameresult).
