Natural environment
Much attention has been given to prerving the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia, while allowing ample access for visitors.
Bachalpe in the Swiss Alps; generally mountainous areas are less affected by human activity.
The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a term that encompass all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.
The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components:
∙ Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation, animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries.
∙ Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and 标记英文climate英语新闻网站, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from human activity.
The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment, which compris the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. A geographical area is regarded as a natural environment (with an indefinite article), if the human impact on it is kept under a certain limited level (similar to ction 1 above.
Composition
Main article: Earth science
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth [1]. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. The major disciplines u physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to
build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or 翻译鱼spheres of the Earth system. Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere[2]; the correspond to rocksmp3批量下载, water, air, and life. Some practitioners include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere.
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Geological activity
A volcanic fissure and lava channel.
Main article: Geology
The Earth's crust, or Continental crust, is the outermost solid land surface of the planet, is chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantles, and has been generated largely by igneous process in which magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies to form solid land. Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological
phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's crust[3], and might be thought of as the process by which the earth resurfaces itlf. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma which is in a state of mi-perpetual convection. This convection process caus the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics.[4][5][6][7] Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the Asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to ri to the surface, giving birth to volcanoes![5]
Oceanic activity
Main article: Ocean
Polar bears on the a ice of the Arctic Ocean, near the North Pole.
The shore of the Pacific Ocean in San Francisco, California.
Earth's oceans
(World Ocean) |
∙ Arctic Ocean ∙ Atlantic Ocean prescription∙ Indian Ocean ∙ Pacific Ocean ∙ Southern Ocean |
|
An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into veral principal oceans and smaller as. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all awater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as veral 'parate' oceans, the waters compri one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[8][9] This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[10]worthless
The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: the divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean (which is sometimes subsumed as the southern portions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans), and the Arctic Ocea
n (which is sometimes considered a a of the Atlantic). The Pacific and Atlantic may be further subdivided by the 好莱坞制造equator into northerly and southerly portions. Smaller regions of the oceans are called as, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the Aral Sea and the asGreat Salt Lake.
Atmosphere, climate and weather
