Immanuel Kant 伊曼努尔·康德
Born 22 April 1724
blush是什么意思Königsberg, Prussia
Died 12 February 1804 (aged 79)
Königsberg, Prussia
School/tradition Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy
【学派、传统】康德主义、启蒙哲学
Main interests Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Logic
【主要兴趣】认识论、形而上学、伦理学、逻辑学
Notable ideas Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis
【著名思想】绝对命令、先验唯心主义、先验综合、本体、勇敢求知、星云假说
Influenced by 【所受影响】
Wolff, Baumgarten, Tetens, Hutcheson, Empiricus, Montaigne, Hume, Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Rousau, Newton, Emanuel Swedenborg 沃尔夫、鲍姆加滕、特滕斯、霍彻森、恩披里柯、蒙田、休谟、笛卡尔、勒伯朗士、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨、洛克、贝克莱、卢梭、牛顿、伊曼纽尔·史威登保
Influenced 【影响】波兰馆
Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Husrl, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Nozick, Karl Popper, Kierkegaard, Jung, Searle, Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Jaspers, Hayek, Bergson, Ørsted, A.J. Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, P.F. Strawson, Leo Str
auss, Hilary Putnam, John McDowell
费希特、谢林、黑格尔、叔本华、尼采、皮尔士、胡塞尔、海德格尔、维特根斯坦、萨特、卡西尔、哈贝马斯、罗尔斯、乔姆斯基、诺齐克、卡尔·波普尔、克尔恺郭尔、荣格、塞尔、米歇尔·福柯、汉娜·阿伦特、乔万尼·金蒂莱、卡尔·雅斯帕斯、哈耶克、柏格森、A.J.艾耶尔、爱默生、魏宁格、P.F.斯特劳森、利奥·施特劳斯、希拉里·普特南、约翰·麦克道尔asp是什么
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment.
伊曼努尔·康德（1724.4.22-1804.2.12），18世纪德国哲学家，家住哥尼斯堡【现在的俄国的加里宁格勒--Калининград】的普鲁士城。他被公认为近代欧洲和后期启蒙运动的最有影响的思想家之一。
篮子的英文Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced philosophy through the 21st Century. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important work is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itlf. It encompass an attack on traditional metaphysics and danger是什么意思epistemology, and highlights Kant's own contribution to the areas. The other main works of his maturity are the Critique of Practical Reason, which concentrates on ethics, and the Critique of Judgment英语六级报名2021时间, which investigates aesthetics and teleology.
康德开创了一种影响直到21哲学的哲学观点。他出版重要的认识论著述，也发表与认识论、法律和历史有关的著述。他最重要的作品《纯粹理性批判》，是对理性自身的限制与结构的研究。其中包含对传统形而上学和认识论的批判，也彰显了康德对这些领域的贡献。他壮年期的其他主要著作是《实践理性批判》--主要研究伦理学—和《判断力批判》—研究美学和目的论。
Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant areyourious
suggested that metaphysics can be reformed through epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources and limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects about which the mind can think must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality – which he concluded that it does – then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cau or an effect. However, it follows from this that it is possible that there are objects of such nature which the mind cannot think, and so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside of experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cau. And so the grand questions of speculative metaphysics cannot be answered by the human mind, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind.
ceb 他研究形而上学涉及到对实在终极性质问题的追问。康德表示，形而上学可通过认识论得以重建。他认为，通过领悟人类知识的来源和限制，我们能够求索丰富的形而上学问题。
他追问是否可先于对对象的经验而直到其具有某些性质。他断言，所有思想可以思考的对象一定与思考方式相一致。因此，如果思想只根据因果关系思考—他断言就是这样，那么我们就能先验地知道，我们经验的所有对象一定非因即果。可是，从此亦可推论出：可能存在其性质不可想象的对象，比如因果关系的原理就不能应用于经验之外，比方说，我们不可能知道世界是始终存在的还是产生的。所以，重要的思辨形而上学问题是人的思想不能回答的，而科学则牢牢地立足于思想定律。
Kant believed himlf to be creating a compromi between the empiricists and the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired through experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason.
康德认为自己是在经验主义者与理性主义者之间进行折衷。经验主义者认为知识只能通过经验获得，而理性主义者则坚持这样知识受到笛卡尔的怀疑，只有理性才为我们提供知
识。可是，康德主张，不诉诸于经验而使用理性只能导致幻觉，而经验若非首先归之于纯粹理性之下就是纯粹主观的。
Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists and empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer each saw themlves as correcting and expanding the Kantian system, thus bringing about various forms of German idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both analytic and continental philosophy.
康德的思想在其一生在德国十分有影响，他让哲学走出了理性主义者与经验主义者的争论。费希特、谢林、黑格尔和叔本华等哲学家每个人都认为自己是在纠正并扩展康德的体系，从而产生了各种形式的德国唯心主义。直至今日，康德依然对哲学有重大影响，他对分析哲学和大陆哲学都有影响。
Biography 生平
Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Königsberg, the capital of Prussia at that time, today the city of Kaliningrad in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast. He was the fourth of eleven children (five of them reached adulthood). Baptized 'Emanuel', he changed his name to 'Immanuel' after learning Hebrew. In his entire life, he never traveled more than a hundred miles from Königsberg. His father Johann Georg Kant (1682–1746) was a German craftsman from Memel, at the time Prussia's most northeastern city (now Klaipėda, Lithuania). His mother Anna Regina Porter (1697–1737) was German, the daughter of a Scottish saddle maker. Johann Georg Kant was born in Memel, a harness maker like his grandfather (who had emigrated from Scotland) and his great grandfather before him. Kant's grandfather immigrated from Scotland to East Prussia and even his father spelled their family name "Cant.". In his youth, Kant was a solid, albeit unspectacular, student. He was raid in a Pietist houhold that stresd inten religious devotion, personal humility, and a literal interpretation of the Bible.
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