Unit 9
"Mass media" is a deceptively simple term encompassing a countless然而英语 array of institutions and individuals differing in purpo, scope, method, and cultural context. Mass media include all forms of information communicated to large groups of people, from a handmade sign to an international news network.. Being very pervasive in industrialized countries,they have a powerful impact onhow tho populations view the world,It is only the most local and personal events that are experienced first-hand,Tho in the larger community ,the state ,the country, and the rest of the world are experienced through the eyes of journalists
“大众传媒”这个词具有迷惑性，它看似简单，实际上包含了不计其数的一系列机构和个体，这些机构和个体有着不同的宗旨、范围、方式和文化背景。大众传媒包括所有达到大量群众的信息，不管是何种形式—从手制的牌匾到国际化的新闻网络。在工业化国家，大众传媒无处不在，它强有力地影响着人们对世界的看法。人们只能亲身经历当地的和个人化的事件，而要了解大一点的社区、州、国家和世界的另一些地方，人们就得通过新闻工作者的眼睛了。
How Mass Media Affect Our Perception of Reality
1.Just before September 11th ,2001,The U.S. mass公共洗手间 media were focud on sports, the lives of various celebrities, and a Congressman's relationship with a missing staff member.Then everything changed. A skyscraper complex, militant group, and distant country suddenly dominated mass media as people sought to understand what had occurred, what to make of pasnger planes turned into missiles, and who to trust for credible information on terrorism.
1.在2001年9月2017元旦祝福语11日之前，美国媒体的主要焦点是体育赛事，名人轶事，以及某个国会议员与一个失踪职员的关系等。然而，9"11之后一切都发生了改变。一幢摩天大楼，一个武装组织，以及一个遥远的国家突然之间主宰了大众传媒。这是因为美国民众迫切想要弄明白:到底发生了什么事，是什么让载人的客机变成了导弹，谁提供的有关恐怖主义的情报才是真实可信的。
2.That dramatic shift in media emphasis is an excellent recent example of how mass media help to shape our shifting concerns and beliefs. Why could we have been so conc
erned about celebrity lifestyles one week and so unconcerned the next? Why such a prior general disinterest in an already notorious terrorist group, and in festering Middle East countries and cultures? Why the sudden media shift from a Regularly-Criticized-President to an Esteemed-Leader-President?
2.这次媒体焦点的巨大转变是近期的一个好例子，它展示了大众传媒如何帮助我们形成迅速变化的关注点和信念。为什么我们在这一周里对名人的生活方式如此关注，而到了下一周却又对此变得漠不关心?为什么公众以前对一个早已臭名昭著的恐怖组织、对日益衰败的中东国家和文化都普遍缺乏兴趣?为什么媒体以前对我们的总统总是批评，而突然之间又将其誉为一位令人尊敬的、勇于承担责任的总统?
3.Dramatic advances in mass communication and transportation during the past 50 years have truly created a global village, a mass society. Things occurring anywhere are now quickly known everywhere. Mass media both overwhelm us with information, and help us to sort it out.
3.大众传媒和交通运输在过去50年里迅猛发展，把世界真真切切地变成了一个地球村，一
日本鬼屋医院个大众社会。如今，任何地方发生的事件都会迅速地传播到世界的每一个角落。大众传媒不仅用铺天盖地的信息将我们淹没，也帮助我们对这些信息加以分类整理。
4.Mass media ek a broad audience for a typically narrow (and often biad) message that's typically embedded in entertainment or uful information/opinion. Mass media communication is expensive, so it's funded through participant admissions/subscriptions and contributions, or through sponsorships and advertising (or a combination of the funding sources). It thus must provide something sufficiently valuable to its potential audience to gain that necessary financial support.
如果冬天来了4.大众传媒为典型的受众面非常狭小的(通常带有偏见)讯息noneofthem寻求广泛的受众群体，这类讯息通常嵌于娱乐或有用的信息/观点中。大众传媒的成本极其昂贵，所以它通过加盟许可/订阅和捐款来获取资金，或者通过赞助和广告(或者多管齐下)来获取资金。因此，它必须为潜在的受众提供足够有价值的讯息，以此获得必要的资金支持。
5.The mass media have a “slow news day” problem. They have pages and time to fill, even when events are mundane. A common solution at such times is to focus on sports a
nd the lives of celebrities (people who are well known for their well-knownness, as Andy Warhol once put it), or to take something relatively trivial and expand it into something important. Think back to the pre-September 11 focus.
5.化学符号大众传媒总会遇到这样一个问题—某一天没有任何值得报道的新闻。然而，即使这一天的事件统统乏善可陈，媒体也得想法把版面填满，或把播出时间打发完。当此类情况发生时，通常的解决办法是将新闻报道的重点放在体育赛事和名人轶事上(吸血鬼日记女主角如安迪·沃霍尔所言:“名人因众所周知而有名”)，或者在某个比较琐碎的小事情_L大做文章，将其包装成重要的大事件。回想9"11事件发生前的热点，正是如此。
6.Mass media encompass much more than print and electronic forms of communication (such as magazines and television). Sporting events, churches, muums, theme parks, political campaigns, catalogs, and concerts are also forms of mass media, although many people consider them to be something other than mass media.
6.大众传媒并不局限于印刷媒介和电子通信媒介等形式(如杂志和电视subway)。尽管许多人不认同，
但体育赛事、教堂、博物馆、主题公园、政治活动、目录单和音乐会也是大众传播的媒介形式。
7.The U.S. Constitution underscores the importance of the open communication of information and opinion in our democratic society by granting considerable lf-direction to the various forms of mass media. A marketplace mentality suggests that uful information and opinions will spread, and the uless will disappear. A free-speech society can thus tolerate instances of fal information, stupidity, and vulgarity - assuming them to be a temporary irritant.
7.美国宪法赋予各种形式的大众媒体极大的自主权，以此来强调信息和想法的公开交流对民主社会的重要性。从一种市场心态来看，有用的信息和想法将会得到传播，而无用的终将消失。因此，一个言论自由的社会能够容忍虚假信息、愚蠢和庸俗—假设这些东西仅会扰人一时，不会长久。
8.Mass media are very competitive. Folks today have many options about the TV and films they watch, the books and magazines they read, the cultural and religious institution
icefishs they attend. The challenge for a media program is to get and hold the attention of mass media shoppers -- who are channel surfing, browsing at a bookstore, checking out various churches.
