欧阳歌谷（2021.02.01） Ⅰ. Write short notes on: Marrakech and Morocco.
Suggested Reference Books [SRB]
1. any standard gazetteer
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica
Ⅱ.Questions on content:
1. Instead of telling the reader that the natives are poor, Orwell shows poverty in at least five ways. Identify them.
2. How are people buried in Marrakech?
3. Explain the ntence, "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact."(para 3)
好翻译 4. What do you think medieval ghettoes were like?
5. Why does the writer say, "A good job Hitler wasn't here"?
6. What kind of people, according to Orwell, are partly invisible? Why does he stress this point?
7. How was land cultivated in Morocco?
8. Why was the old woman surprid when the writer gave her a five-sou piece?
9. What did every white man think when he saw a black army marching past?
Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:
1. The things of value, Orwell says in "Why I Write, " are always political. Is this essay political? Has the writer said anything of value?
2. Orwell describes human suffering and miry rather objectively. How then can you tell that he is outraged at the spectacle of miry?
3. Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about the people? ,What effect does this contrast have on the reader?
4. Could paras 4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Could other groups of paragraphs be rearranged? What does this indicate about the organization? What gives the essay coherence?
5. Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism? Has the writer succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing" ?
6. Comment on Orwell's lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.
Ⅳ. Paraphra:
1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (para 2)
2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (para 3)
3. They ri out Of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard (para 3)
4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (para 9)
5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews (para 10)
6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury (para 10)
7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (para 16)
8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. (para 16)
9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distresd Areas. (para 17)
10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil (para 17)
11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. (para 19)
12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. (para 21)
13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)
14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (para 25)
15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. (para 26)
Ⅴ. Translate paras 20 and 21 into Chine.
Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the itali-cized words:
1. wailing a short chant over and over again (para 2)
2. an Arab navvy working on the path nearby (para 6)
3. he stowed it gratefully (para 7)
dfg 4. his left leg is warped out of shape (para 9)
5. as the Jews live in a lf-contained community (para 11)
6. the plough is a wretched wooden thing (para 18)
7. all of them are mummified with age and the sun (para 19)
8. their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)她一定是疯了用英语怎么说
9. so had the officers on their sweating chargers (para 26)
Ⅶ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:
1. wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan
2. frenzy, mania, delirium, hysteria
3. glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkle
Suggested Reference Books [ SRB ]
1. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language
2. Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms
3. Reader's Digest, U the Right Word
Ⅷ. Study the formation of the following compound nouns and list 5-10 examples of each:
1. burying-ground
2. gravestone
3. mid-air
4. overcrowding
5. nine-tenths
Suggested Reference Books [ SRB ]
1. any standard dictionary
2. any book on lexicology or word building
IX. In this essay, the writer makes effective u of specific verbs. List 10 specific verbs you consider ud most effectively and give your reasons.
Ⅹ.Each of the following ntences may be made more compact by proper subordination. Rewrite them, using subordinate claus, appositives, prepositional or verbal phras:
1. The British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, and there was only a single armored division left to protect the home island.
2.The dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, but it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.
3.The educational program may succeed, but it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.
4.They have wasted their natural resources, but they should have protected and conrved them.
5.The Caldwell family opened the first rough trail and soon other ttlers were coming.
6. The Smithsonian Institution is constantly working for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit, and it gets little or no publicity.
7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions. They were both passions of love and passion of hatred and revenge.
8. I dreaded opening the door of his office, but it was only for a few days.
9. It was early morning and there was a fog and so I crawled out and made my way to the beach.
10. I left the door of the safe unlocked and took the leather bag of coins and walked down the street toward the bank.
Ⅺ .Read the following paragraphs and then answer the questions: 1) What is the topic ntence? 2) Has the writer succeeded in achieving unity? Give your reasons.
里约大冒险 音乐 1. Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature. There is always the rush to harvest the crops and to get next year' s grain planted before the fall rains start. To get this accomplished the farmer must be out at work by daybreak. Fruits and vegetables have to be gathered before the early frost; hence everyone is bustling around from morning till night. Fall is beautiful when the leaves on the trees change color and then fall off. Winter nds its warming cover over the froze ground. This caus the animals to hunt for something to eat. There is nothing, so the farmer has to feed them. After his day's work is done, the farmer puts on his slippers, reclines on the davenport in front of the fireplace, and spends a peaceful evening reading. Within a few months spring begins with its beautiful flowers and green grass. The cows give more milk so the farmer has more work to do. After the first spring rain, the corn must be cultivated. As summer ap-proaches the farmer begins to worry for fear that the sun will come up and cook the grain before it is fully developed, or maybe a thunderstorm will come up thus causing his hay crop to rot.
2. There are three reasons why I like Japane food. When I was growing up I never ate Japane food, since we lived in a part of Texas where there were no Orentals, but now I really like it. One of the best things about Japane food is that it consists primarily of meat and vegetables, so that it's not at all fattening. However, most Japane love rice. One of my Japane friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. Another reason for liking Japane food is that it's always beautifully rved, even at lower-priced restaurants. Every dish is a work of art: the chicken yakitori is prented on a gleaming platter crisscrosd with skewers of meat and vegetables, and the shrimp tempura comes on a lovely little bamboo tray. For the American who wants to rve Japane food like this, the platters and trays may be purchad at a local import store. My final reason for liking Japane food is its exotic flavor. There is nothing in American or European cuisine quite like the flavor of sashimi (raw fish dipped in soy sauce and horradish) or shabu-shabu, a meat and vegetable dish that you cook right at your own table by swishing the bite-sized pieces in a pan of asoned boiling water. Also, from the male point of view, Japane restaurants are attractive for another reason-- the beautiful little doll-like waitress, who bow and smile shyly as they rve your food. With all this, is there any wonder Japane food appeals to me?
Ⅻ. Choo the right word from the list below for each blank:
fell come did fired
pulled feel sagged collap
goes altered slobbered climbed
杨桃的英文 went paralyd ttled drooping
jolt emed imagined knock
falling tower reaching trumpeted
shake came
When I ________the trigger I did not hear the bang or ____________the kick -- one never does when a shot ___________ home -- but I heard the devilish roar of glee that _________ up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had ________over the elephant. He neither stirred nor_______, but every line of his body had________ He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immenly old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had _________ him without knocking him down. At last, after what _________ a long time -- it might have been five conds, I dare say – he _______flabbily to his knees. His mouth _______An enormous nility emed to have ______ upon him. One could have ______him thousands of years old. I _______again into the same spot. At the cond shot he did not_______ but ______with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head _______ . I fired a third time. That was the shot that _______for him. You could e the agony of it _____his whole body and ________ the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in ______ he emed for a moment to ri, for as his hind legs collapd beneath him he emed to_______ upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk _______skywards like a tree. He________, for the first and only time. And then down he ________, his belly towards me, with a crash that emed to _________ the ground even where I lay.
XIII. Topics for oral work:
1. What can you infer about the author's political attitude from this essay?
2. Do you like Orwell' s style? Give examples to support your
XIV. Write a short composition describing objectively the suffering and poverty of pre-liberation China or of any city. Try to maintain an objective tone, but your real feelings should be ev- ident to the reader.
习题全解
Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief aport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.
Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was ttled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often u camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the dert.
Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the mirable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.
2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.
3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.
4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, hous completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic.
5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.
6. Tho who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only becau of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded.
7. See paragraph 18.
8. The old woman was surprid becau someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.
9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding the people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling the black people any longer. Some day they would ri up in revolt and free themlves.
Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, miry and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of miry, first, through the appropriate u of words cond, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes the scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.
3. Becau that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the mirable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings.
4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.
5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".
6. Orwell is good at the appropriate u of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.
IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a derted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.
4. Sitting with his legs crosd and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.
bbc中国春节纪录片 6. Every one of the poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you e everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for the trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．
10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．
11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．
awkward是什么意思 14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their hors and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
2．navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．
3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place
4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
5．lf-contained：lf—sufficient；having within onelf or itlf all that is necessary
6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
8．reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)cond—hand or ready—made clothing
9． charger：a hor ridden in battle or on parade
Ⅶ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。
3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。
Ⅷ．1．burying—ground(verbal noun in— ing + noun)：drinking cup， hiding place，diving board，waiting room，freezing point， carving knife，writing desk，typing paper，swimming suit
2．gravestone(noun +noun)：oilwell，silkworm，shirt— sleeves，girl—friend，gaslight，bloodstain，frogman，win— dow—pane
3．mid—air(adjective +noun)：half—brother，black—market， half—pay。darkroom，madman，double—talk，hothou， handy man
4．orercrowding(adverb +verbal noun in—ing)：dry-cleaning，overeating，oversleeping，deep—freezing， underpricing， underrating，down—grading，up—dating
successful 5．nine—tenths(adj．from a cardinal number +noun，from an44ordinal number) : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninth
IX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd hreaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through.
2. "ri", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They ri out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how the people live a short and mirable life.
3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully.
4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", prenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette.感叹号英文
5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a mirable state tho women are in.
6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the hou with their firewood "'", indicating that the women could not walk properly becau of the heavy load they were carrying.
7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into the ditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has rved him devotedly.
8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some cret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.
Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island.
2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.
3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.
4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conrved.
5. Soon other ttlers were coming in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened.
6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit.
7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge.
8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office.
inspires 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach.
10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.
Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic ntence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-comes a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer t out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japane food" is the topic ntence. This paragraph lacks unity becau the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening ntence, e. g. "However, most Japane love rice. One of my Japane friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japane restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitress, who bow and smile shyly as they rve your food.
Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, come, fe11, altered, paralyzed emed, sagged, slobbered, ttled, imagined, fired, collap, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shake
ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old Shanghai
At the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-ri factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, the places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themlves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the component of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and ldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was ldom kept clod. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside.
How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among tho shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.
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