(2021年整理)国际贸易法复习名词解释

国际贸易法复习名词解释

国际贸易法复习名词解释

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国际贸易法复习名词解释

名词解释比较(10选4）

1。 FOB vs. CIF

“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated

by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.

“Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the

vessel or procures the goods already so delivered。

Same point：(1） The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are

on board the vessel.（2) seller delivers the goods on board the vessel

Different point:（1） seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the

buyer （FOB) seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the seller(CIF)

（2） FOB is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport， CIF is to be used

for any mode of transport。

（3) buyer pay the insurance (FOB） seller pay the insurance（CIF）

1。FOB和CIF

“板上交货"是指卖方交付的货物在船上由买方指定的装运港或采购货物已经交付。

“成本、保险费加运费”是指卖方将货物在船上或取得货物已经交付。

同一点：（1）货物在船上时,货物灭失或损坏的风险，（2）卖方将货物装船

不同点：(1）卖方在船上交货的船由买方指定的船只（离岸价）卖方提供的货物在船上由卖方

指定的（到岸价)

（2）离岸价只适用于海运或内河运输，到岸价是用于任何运输方式。

（3）买方支付保险费（离岸价)卖方支付保险费（到岸价）

2。邀约 vs。 要约邀请Offer vs。 Invitation to offer

Offer means a proposal addressed to specific persons indicating an intention by the

offeror to be bound to the sale or purchase of particular goods for a price.

国际贸易法复习名词解释

Invitation to offer means the preparatory acts of the parties conclude a contract，

which aim to induce others to issue an offer。

Same point:(1） they are both a king of meaning representation.

Different point:（1) offer is the intention of the parties willing to enter into a

contract. Invitation to offer is party hope other to express the intention to make

a contract with himself

(2) Offer contain the parties expressed their willingness to be ruled by the offer,

Invitation to offer does not contain。

(3) Most of offer is for particular person， most of invitation to offer is for general

person.

2。邀约与要约邀请提供与要约邀请

提供建议给特定的人指示的意图要约的约束出售或购买某种商品的价格。

要约邀请是指当事人订立合同，目的是促使他人发出要约.

同一点：（1）他们都是一个意义表示的国王。

不同点：（1)要约是愿意订立合同的当事人的意图。要约邀请是一方希望对方表示有意与自己

订立合同的意向

（2）要约包含的当事人表示愿意被要约人裁定，要约邀请不包含。

（3）大多数要约是针对特定的人，大部分要约邀请是为一般人.

3.根本违约 vs。 非根本违约

Fundamental breaches vs。 non—fundamental breaches

Fundamental breachesmeans when one party substantially fails to deliver what the other

party anticipates to receive according to the contract， which cause the purpose of

the contract can not be achieved。

on-fundamental breaches means the status of the breach of contract has not reached

the extent of the substantial breach, the injured party can only claim damages, but

国际贸易法复习名词解释

can not declare the contract is null。

Same point：(1)they are both belong to the classification of breaches.

Different point:（1）The contract of fundamental breaches can not be achieved, the

non-fundamental breaches can be performed continually。

3.根本违约与非根本违约根本违约和非根本违约

根本违约是指当一方实质上未能按合同规定交付对方预期接受的,从而导致合同的目的无法实

现。

非根本性违约是指违约状态未达到实质性违约的程度,受害方只能要求赔偿损失，但不能申报

的合同为无效.

同一点：（1）他们都属于违反的分类.

不同点：（1）根本违约的合同无法实现，非根本性违约可以持续进行。

4.实际违约vs.预期违约

Actual breaches vs. Anticipatory breaches

Actual breaches of contract refer to that one or both parties of to a contract do not

perform, or do not perform in proper manners， his contractual obligations after the

specified date of performance. Anticipatory breaches of contract means that a party

of a contract declares or any other circumstance indicates that he will not perform

his contractual obligations after the conclusion of the contract and prior to the date

of performance.

Same point:(1） they are both belong to the classification of breaches。

Different point：（1） Anticipatory breaches occur before the performance date of the

contract, the actual breaches occur after the performance date of the contract.

（2) Anticipatory breach damage the party's expected interest； actual breaches damage

the party’s actual interest.

（3) Anticipatory breaches are to destroy the whole contract。 Actual breaches are

国际贸易法复习名词解释

including the non- performance， delay performance， improper performance and other

cases.

4。实际违约与预期违约实际违约和预期违约

实际违反合同是指一方或双方的合同不履行,或不履行在适当的方式，他的合同义务后,指定日

期的性能。预期违约意味着一个合同的一方宣布或任何其他情况表明,他将不履行自己的合同

义务后,合同的结束和之前的性能日期。

同一点：(1)他们都属于违反的分类.

不同点：（1）预期违约发生在合同履行之前，实际违约发生后，合同履行。

（2）预期违约损害了当事人的预期利益，实际违约损害了当事人的实际利益。

（3）预期违约将破坏整个合同。实际违规行为包括不履行、迟延履行、不当履行等情况。

5。清洁提单vs. 不清洁提单

Clean bill of lading vs。 claused bill of lading

Clean bill of lading means a bill of lading on which the carrier does not make any

mark.

Claused bill of lading means a bill of lading indicating that some discrepancy exists

between the goods loaded on board the ship and the goods listed on the bill。

Same point:(1) they are all belong to the classification of bill of lading

Different point：(1) Clean bill of lading means the goods are complete when carrier

accept the goods, claused bill of lading means goods have something bad when carrier

accept the goods。

5。清洁提单与不清洁提单清洁提单与批注提单

清洁提单是指提单上承运人不作任何标记。

批注提单是指提单表明装船和账单上列出的货物之间存在一定的差异。

相同点:（1）它们都属于提单的分类

不同点：（1)清洁提单指货物完整时，承运人接受货物，批注提单指货物有什么坏东西当承运

国际贸易法复习名词解释

人接受货物。

6。记名提单vs. 不记名提单 vs. 指示提单

Straight bill of lading vs. bearer bill of lading vs. order bill of lading

Straight bill of lading means a bill of lading issued to a named consignee.

Bearer bills of lading means a bill of lading is transferred by delivery

Order bills of lading means a bill of lading is transferred by negotiation， that is，

by endorsement and delivery。

Same point（1） they are all belong to the classification of bill of lading

Different point：(1）Straight bill of lading can not transfer, bearer bill of lading

can transfer without endorsement, order bill of lading need transfer with endorsement.

(2) Carrier only delivery the goods to consignee （straight bill of lading）， Carrier

delivery the goods to someone who have the bill of lading （bearer bill of lading）,

carrier delivery the goods to endorsee （order bill of lading）

6。记名提单与不记名提单与指示提单

记名提单和不记名提单和指示提单

记名提单是指提单签发给指定的收货人。

记名提单是指提单转让交割

指示提单是指提单议付，即转移，通过背书和交付。

相同点（1)都属于提单的分类

不同点：(1）记名提单不可转让，不记名提单可转让提单没有背书，背书转让的汇票需要。

（2）载体交付货物给收货人（记名提单），承运人交付货物的人有提单(记名提单），承运人交

付货物被背书人（指示提单）

7.共同海损vs。 单独海损

General average vs. Particular average

General Average requires all parties concerned in the maritime venture to contribute

国际贸易法复习名词解释

to make good the voluntary sacrifice。 They share the expense in proportion to

the ’value at risk” in the adventure.

Particular average is a partial loss to the insured cargo or vessel and the loss must

be borne by the owner of the cargo or vessel if not covered by the insurance policy。

Same point：（1） they are both belong to the classification of partial loss

Different point：(1） general average is caused by take measures to reduce loss，

particular average is caused by accidental events.

(2） General average is the common interests of all parties for cargo loss, particular

average only relate to losses to personal interests。

（3） General average shall be shared by the beneficiary, particular average shall

be borne by the damaged party。

7.共同海损与单独海损总平均与单独海损

共同海损要求海事企业有关各方有助于做出好的自愿牺牲。他们分担费用，在冒险中的“风险

价值”的比例。

特别海损是被保险人的货物或船舶的部分损失，如果不受保险单保险，货物或船舶的损失必须

由船东承担。

同一点：（1）它们都属于部分损失的分类

不同点：（1）共同海损是由采取措施减少损失，特别是平均所造成的意外事件。

（2)共同海损是货物损失的共同利益，尤其是平均损失仅涉及个人利益的损失。

（3）共同海损分担由受益人承担，特别海损由受损方承担。

8。平安险 vs. 一切险 vs. 水渍险 F。P.A vs. W。A vs. All Risks

Free From Particular Average （F.P。A）： （1) Total or Constructive Total Loss of the

whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities

---—— heavy weather， lightning， tsunami, earthquake and flood。

国际贸易法复习名词解释

(2） Total or Partial Loss caused by accidents --——- the carrying conveyance being

grounded， stranded, sunk or in collision with floating ice or other objects as well

as fire or explosion。

（3） Partial loss of the insured goods attributable to heavy weather, lightning and/or

tsunami， where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded， sunk or burnt，

irrespective of whether the event or events took place before or after such accidents。

（4) Partial or total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into

sea during loading, transshipment or discharge。

(5） Reasonable cost incurred by the Insured in salvaging the goods or averting or

minimizing a loss recoverable under the Policy, provided that such cost shall not exceed

the sum Insured of the consignment so saved。

（6) Losses attributable to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress

following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading， warehousing

and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge.

（7) Sacrifice in and Contribution to Genera Average and Salvage Charges。

（8） Such proportion of losses sustained by the ship—owners as is to be reimbursed

by the Cargo Owner under the Contract of carriage "Both to Blame Collision" clause。

With Average （W.A.) Aside from the risks covered under F. P。 A。 condition, this

insurance also covers partial losses of the insured goods caused by heavy weather,

lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood.

All Risks：Aside from the risks covered under the F. P。 A。 and W. A. conditions as

above, this insurance also covers all risks of loss of or damage to the insured goods

whether partial or total， arising from external causes in the course of transit。

Same point：(1）they are all basic on F。P.A covered.

国际贸易法复习名词解释

Different point:(1)F.P.A is free from particular average, W。A including F.P.A and

partial loss caused by natural disasters, All Risks including F.P。A and W。A and partial

or total loss arising from external causes in the course of transit。

8。平安险与一切险与水渍险平安险和一切险与vs.

平安险（平安险)：(1）全损或推定由自然灾害-—--—恶劣气候、雷电、海啸在运输途中造成

整批货物的承保全损，地震和洪水。

(2）总的事故———--运输工具遭受搁浅、滞留造成的损失或部分、沉没、与流冰或其他物体

碰撞以及失火、爆炸。

（3）由于恶劣天气、闪电和/或海啸造成的被保险货物部分损失,运输工具已被搁浅、搁浅、

沉没或烧毁，而不论该等意外事件或事件发生之前或之后发生的事件或事件。

（4）在装载、转运或卸货期间，由于整个包裹或包裹的落下而造成的部分或全部损失.

（5）被保险人发生的合理费用在打捞的货物或避免或减少损失下收回的政策,但这种成本不得

超过保险金额，该批被救货物。

(6）在海上危险后,被保险货物的排放造成的损失以及在呼叫或避难的中间港口的货物的装载、

仓储和转运所产生的特别费用。

（7）为平均及打捞费的牺牲和贡献。

（8)船东所维持的损失比例，如在运输合同的“两个责任碰撞”条款下的船东的赔偿比例.

平均（西澳）除包括平安险的情况下,本保险的风险，还包括由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸造成

的被保险货物的部分损失，地震、洪水。

所有风险:除了保险和水渍险所涵盖的风险外,本保险还承保被保险货物的全部损失或部分或

全部损失的风险,在运输过程中产生的外部原因。

相同点：（1）他们在平安险覆盖所有基本。

不同点：(1）平安险是单独海损,W包括自然灾害所造成的部分损失，平安险和一切险包括平安

险和W，和部分或全部损失所产生的外部原因在运输途中。

国际贸易法复习名词解释

9.跟单托收vs 光票托收Documentary collection vs Clean collection

Clean collection means collection of financial documents not accompanied by commercial

documents。

Documentary collection means collection of financial documents accompanied by

commercial documents or commercial documents not accompanied by financial documents。

Same point：(1） they are both belong to the classification of collection

Different point：(1) Client issue draft with shipping documents （Documentary

collection）, Client doesn’t issue draft with shipping documents (Clean collection）

9。跟单托收VS光票托收跟单托收与光票托收

托收托收是指不附有商业单据的财务单据的托收。

跟单托收是指伴随着商业性文件或商业性文件不附有财务文件的财务单据的集合。

同一点：（1）它们都属于集合的分类

不同点：（1）客户机问题与航运文件(跟单托收）,客户不签发航运文件（清洁收集）

10。保兑信用证 vs 不保兑信用证Confirmed L/C vs unconfirmed L/C（Letter Credit）

Confirmed L/C means when a second bank adds its confirmation or guarantee to honor

a complying presentation at the request or authorization of the issuing bank.

Unconfirmed L/C means a L/C does not acquire the other bank’s confirmation。

Same point：(1) they are both belong to the classification of letter of credit。

Different point：(1) There are two banks including issuing bank and the confirming

bank are responsible for the letter of credit (Confirmed L/C)， only issuing bank is

responsible for the letter of credit (Unconfirmed L/C)

10。保兑信用证VS不保兑信用证保兑信用证与不保兑信用证（信用证)

保兑信用证是指在第二家银行在开证行的请求或授权下,对相符提示予以确认或保证的。

不保兑信用证是指信用证没有获得其他银行的确认。

国际贸易法复习名词解释

同一点：(1）他们都属于信用证的分类。

不同点：（1)有包括开证行、保兑行两家银行负责信用证(保兑信用证)，仅发行银行负责信用

证（未经证实的L / C）