教师职业倦怠的现状及其影响因素外⽂翻译
外⽂翻译:
原⽂1
Personalityhardiness,jobinvolvementandjobburnoutamong
teachers
tiscommonamongthowhoareunableto
copewithextensivedemandsandpressureontheirenergy,time,andresourcesandthowhorequirefrequentcontactwith
m“burnout”originatedduringthe1960?sasadescriptionoftheeffectofdrugabuonanindividual
(Golembiewski,1993).However,itlackeddefinitionalclarityuntilthedevelopmentofawidelyacceptedinstrumentforits
measurement,theMaslachburnoutinventory.
MaslachandJackson(1981)definedburnoutasaconditioncharacterizedbyemotionalexhaustion,depersonalizationand
rlytherehasbeendiverevidencefromscholarsontheoccurrenceof
mple,MaslachandLeiter(1999)indicatedthatburnoutoccurswhenworkloadiscombinedwithlackof
personalcontrol,insufficientrewards,theabnceoffairness,thebreakdownoftheworkingcommunity,orconflicting
Ashforth(1996)identifiedworkloadandtimepressureasantecedentsofburnout.
Numerousworkrelatedfactorshavebeenfoundtobeassociatedwithburnoutamongteachers,includingexcessivetime
pressure,poorrelationshipswithcolleagues,largeclass,lackofresources,fearofviolence,behavioralproblemsofpupils,
roleambiguityandroleconflict,pooropportunitiesforpromotion,lackofsupport,andlackofparticipationindecision-making
(AbelandSewell,1999;FimianandBlanton,1987;Friedman,1991;Wolpinetal.,1991).
Rearchersfoundthatburnoutnegativelyimpactmployees?jobattitudesandleadstoundesirablebehaviors,suchas
lowerjobinvolvement,reducedtaskperformance,andincreadturnoverintentions(JacksonandMaslach,1982;Leiterand
Maslach,1988;MotowidloandPackard,1986;Shirom,1989;WrightandBonett,1997;WrightandCropanzano,1998).This
studyintendstoexploretherelationshipandeffectsofjobinvolvementandpersonalityhardinessonburnout.
Duringthelastfewyears,somepersonalityvariableshaveattractedtheattentionofrearchersincorrelationofjobstress
eacommonacknowledgementthatpersonalityfactorsplayacriticalroleinmediatingstress,the
leexceptionhasbeenariesofstudies
carriedoutbyKobasa(1979;1982a,).Kobasaetal.(1982)exploredtheconceptof“personalityhardiness”asaresistance
resourcethatmediatesthenegativeconquencesofhighlevelstress.
Conceptofhardinessfocusonthepersonthatremainsrelativelyhealthyafterexperiencinghighamountsofstressfullife
arguesthatpersonswhoexperiencehighdegreeofstresswithoutfallingillhaveapersonalitystructure
rsonalitydifferenceisbestcharacterizedbythe
term“hardiness”.Hardinessreflectstheindividual?srespontolifeeventsbothpersonallyandprofessionally(Kobasa,
1979).Threefactors,commitment,controlandchallengemeasurehardiness(Kobasaetal.,1982).Commitmentreflectsa
dedicationtoonelfandtoone?listheextenttowhichanindividualinfluenceslifeeventstoensurea
ngereferstolifeeventsandone?dualswhoarehardycopewith
variousstressors,bothpersonalforexamplelifecycle,familyandprofessionalforexampleoccupationalrolesand
relationships,arebetterthanthoindividualswhoarenothardy(SimoniandPaterson,1997).Rushetal.(1995)found
negativerelationsbe(2003)assd
hardinessandburnoutamongteachersandfoundthathardinesshassignificantimpactonemotionalexhaustionand
eetal.(1987)foundoutthathardinesshasbeneficialmajoreffectsinreducingburnoutbut
dohetal.(2001)foundoutthatpeoplewho
displaylowlevelsofhardiness(involvementindailyactivities,anofcontroloverevents,andopennesstochange)have
higherburnoutscores,particularlyontheexhaustiondimensions.
Otherconceptualwayofdescribingjobinvolvementisthe“degreetowhichapersonisidentifiedpsychologicallywithhis
work”or“theimportanceofworkinhistotallfimage”(LodahlandKejner,1965).Suchapsychologicalidentificationwith
workmayresultpartlyfromearlysocializationtrainingduringwhichtheindividualmayinternalizethevalueofgoodnessof
andKejner(1965)emphasizedthatduringtheprocessofsocialization,certainwork
valuesareinjectedintotheindivtmayhave
negativeeffectsonemployees?jobattitudes,forexampleareductioninjobinvolvementandjobsatisfaction(Kahill,1988).
Kahill(1988)inatal.(1991)demonstrateda
ioa(2006)affirmedthemediatingeffectofjob
involvementonemotionalexhaustion,diminishedpersonalaccomplishmentdimensionsofburnout.
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Author:SyedMohammadAzeem
Nationality:Iran
Originatefrom:InternationalJournalofVocationalandTechnicalEducationVol.2(3),pp.36-40,July2010
译⽂1
教师的⼈格抗压性,⼯作积极性和职业倦怠的关系职业倦怠综合症发⽣在长期的⼯作压⼒中。职业倦怠是指那些从事助⼈职业
的的⼈⽆法应付外界超出个⼈能量和资源的过度要求。“倦怠”这⼀术语源⾃20世纪60年代期间,是作为个⼈对滥⽤药物的影响
的说明(Golembiewski,1993)。然⽽,知道Maslach倦怠量表被⼴泛运⽤之前它⼀直缺少明确的定义。
Maslach和Jackson(1981)定义职业倦怠有情绪衰竭、去个性化和地成就感三个维度的⼼理状态。有很多学者同样对职业倦
怠的发⽣作了研究。例如:Maslach和Leiter(1999)指出当⼯作超出⼈的负荷、不⾜的报酬、缺乏公平性、较差的⼯作环境
或者价值观冲突都会导致职业倦怠的出现。Lee和Ashforth(1996)认为⼯作负荷和长时间的⼯作压⼒是导致职业倦怠的重要
因素。
影响教师职业倦怠的因素有很多,包括过度的压⼒、与同事关系不融洽、师资⼒量薄弱、担⼼⼯作不稳定性、学⽣的不良⾏
为、⾓⾊模糊和⾓⾊冲突,升职机会少、缺乏⽀持以及缺乏参与决策的机会等。Abel和Sewell(1999);Fimian和
Blanton(1987);Friedman(1991);Wolpin等⼈(1991)。
研究⼈员发现职业倦怠会对员⼯的⼯作态度造成负⾯影响,并且会导致不良的⾏为,⽐如较低的⼯作积极性,降低任务表演并
增加离职意向。Jackson和Maslach(1982);Maslach和Leiter(1988);Motowidlo和Packard(1986);
Shirom(1989);Wright和Bonett(1997);Wright和Cropanzano(1998)。本研究旨在探讨职业倦怠与⼯作积极性和个
⼈忍耐⼒的关系和影响。
在过去的⼏年中,⼀些个性变量吸引了研究⼈员关注⼯作压⼒与职业倦怠的相关性。尽管普遍认为个性因素在调节压⼒中发挥
关键作⽤,但是这些因素在⼤部分的实证研究中都被忽略了。值得注意的是Kobasa等⼈(1982)在⼀系列的学术研究中探讨
了⼈格抗压性作为阻⼒来阐述较⾼的负⾯压⼒影响的概念。
抗压性的概念侧重于经理的⼤量的⽣活压⼒事件后⼼理仍然相对健康的⼈。Kobasa认为那些经历⾼强度的压⼒仍旧没有受挫
的⼈与那些受挫的⼈有⼀个⼈格特征来区别他们。这种个性特征定义为“抗压性:。Kobasa等⼈(1982)认为抗压性反映了个
体独⾃⾯对⽣活压⼒的态度,他们指出三个因素,分别是:承诺、个体控制⼒和事件挑战性。承诺反映了对⾃⼰⼯作的⼀种奉
献精神。控制⼒是个
体确保⽣活事件⼀个特定结果的影响程度。挑战是⼈们对待事件的态度。Simoni和Paterson(1997)认为抗压性强的⼈应付
各种压⼒,⽐如个⼈的⽣活和家庭的关系,还有职业的⾓⾊和关系等,都要强于那些抗压性弱的⼈。Rush等⼈(1995)发现
抗压性与⾃我报告疾病之间呈负相关。Chan(2003)评价抗压性和教师职业倦怠时发现抗压性对情绪枯竭和个⼈修养有重⼤
影响。Crainie等⼈(1987)发现抗压性对减少职业倦怠有着积极作⽤,但不会阻⽌⼯作压⼒⽽产⽣的职业倦怠。Maslach等
⼈(2001)提出那些较低的抗压能⼒的⼈在情绪耗竭的状态下,在⽇常活动的参与、控制能⼒和改变意识的能⼒中更容易产
⽣职业倦怠。
Lodahl和Kejner(1965)指出:描述⼯作积极性的⽅法就是在⼼理上辨别个⼈的⼯作积极的程度,或者是他个⼈认为⼯作的
重要性。部分早期社会化培训期间个⼈内在化的⼯作价值可能导致这种⼼理辨别能⼒。他们强调在社会化过程中,某些⼯作价
值观会注⼊到个⼈的思想中,职业倦怠对他们以后的⼯作态度有着消极的影响,⽐如减少⼯作积极性和⼯作满意度。
Kahill(1988)在⼀项纵向研究中发现职业倦怠会对⼯作的积极性产⽣负⾯影响。Elloy等⼈(1991)证明职业倦怠与⼯作积
极性之间的负⾯关系。SuandMioa(2006)提出情绪衰竭、较低的个⼈成就感和去个性化对⼯作积极性有较⼤的影响。
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作者:SyedMohammadAzeem
国籍:伊朗
出处:《国际职业教育期刊》,2010,2(3),第36-40页
原⽂2
Antecedentsandconquencesofemployeeabnteeism:Alongitudinalperspectiveontheroleofjobsatisfactionand
burnout
Alargeportionofthowhoareabntfromworkforaprolongedtimearediagnodamotionallyexhausted,burnedout,
overstrained,ordepresd(Houtman&Blatter,2005).Thecentralelementofburnoutimotionalexhaustion(Maslach&
Jackson,1986),-called…stress?models(DeBoeret
al.,2002;Johns,1997),sdonotfeelable
towork,duetotheir(subjective)healthcondition,ortrytopreventfurtherstressorillnessbytemporaryabncefromwork.
tion,burnoutmayundermine
satisfactionandthemotivationtoattend,andburnoutmaythereforeoperateasathirdvariablethatmayheightenabnce
study,weconsiderburnoutasanindicatorofpsychologicalill-healthatwork,whichmay
resultfromeitherpersonalitycharacteristicssuchasnegativeaffectivity,workcharacteristicssuchasjobdemands,and
somatichealthcomplaints.
Iverson,Olekalns,andErwin(1998)prentedandtestedamodelinwhichjobsatisfactionwasconsideredanattitudinal
conquenceofburnout,odelwould
implythatcorrelationsbetweenjobsatisfactionandabncecouldbespurious,andareduetothirdvariables,mostnotably,
heless,intheirstudy,anegativerelationshipbetweenjobsatisfactionandabnceremainedaftercontrolling
nandhiscolleaguesfoundevidenceforastrongrelationbetweenburnoutandjobsatisfaction,butonlya
weakrelationshipbetweenburnoutandthefrequencyofabncefromwork.
Saxton,Phillips,andBlakeney(1991)examinedthecorrelatesofburnout(emotionalexhaustion)amongairlinerervation
rasttoIversonetal.(1998),eredlow
er,abncefrequencywasconsidereda
udytestedamodelinwhichburnoutcouldberegardedasamediatoroftherelationship
ataemedto
confirmthemediatingroleofburnout,explicitlytestormentionmediation.
Althoughnotspecificallyconcernedwithburnout,theHardyetal.(2003)studyontherelationshipbetweenpsychological
udyshowedthatbothgeneralpsychologicaldistressandwork-related
er,theyhypothesizedandfoundthatjob
satisfactionandpy,Toppinen-Tanner,
Ojajarvi,Vaananen,Kalimo,andJappinen(2005)foundthatburnoutpredictedfuturemedicallycertifiedsick-leaveabnces.
Especiallyabncesduetomentalandbehaviouraldisordersweremorelikelyamongthohighinburnout.
Itshouldfurtherbenotedthatjobsat
satisfactionwasmeasuredwithasingleitem,twasmeasuredwith
multipleitemsthatwerederivedfromavalidatedscale,butuddichotomizedresponscalesinsteadoftheoriginal7-point
ethissuboptimalmeasurement,ourjobsatisfactionitemprovedtohaveahightest-retestreliability,which
er,theburnoutitemsformeda
hing,morereliablescalesoftheconstructswouldhavebeen
likelytoheightentheinterrelationsthatwerefoundinthisstudy,andmayhaveledtostrongerlongitudinaleffectsaswell.
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Author:,ers,s
Nationality:Holland
Originatefrom:EuropeanJournalofWork&OrganizationalPsychology,2010,19(1),102-124
译⽂2
员⼯缺勤的前因和后果
——⼀个纵向的⾓度分析⼯作满意度和职业倦怠的影响Houtman和Blatter(2005)指出:那些长期⼯作缺勤的⼈被认为很⼤⼀部
分是情绪耗竭、过度劳累或者情绪低落的原因。Maslach和Jackson(1986)提出:职业倦怠的核⼼要素是情感耗竭,这⾥指
的是情绪资源的损失和缺乏活⼒。DeBoer等⼈在所谓的“压⼒“模型下,把缺勤视为⼯作压⼒所导致的结果。由于员⼯的主观
的健康状况,他们觉得不能正常⼯作,或者尝试暂停⼯作来防⽌压⼒或疾病进⼀步的产⽣。职业倦怠可能使缺勤成为缓解⼯作
压⼒的必要⼿段。此外,职业倦怠可能影响满意度和⼯作积极性,因此,职业倦怠可能作为较⾼缺勤率和较低⼯作满意度下的
第三个变量。在这项研究中,我们认为职业倦怠作为在⼯作中的⼀种⼼理状态⽋佳的指标,可能再个性特征中造成负⾯影响,
如⼯作⾓⾊的转换或者⾝体状态变差。
Iverson,Olekalns和Erwin(1998)提出了⼀种模型,该模型测试的是⼯作满意度被认为是职业倦怠态度导致的后果,⽽旷⼯
被认为是⾏为的后果。这种模式就意味着⼯作满意度和缺勤的关系不够准确,很有坑内是因为第三变量职业倦怠的原因。然
⽽,在他们的研究中,⼯作满意度和缺勤之间的负⾯影响是职业倦怠引起的,但是缺勤与职业倦怠之间只有⼀个相对较弱的关
系。
Saxton,Phillips和Blakeney(1991)研究了航空公司机票预订⼈员和计算机⼯程⼈员之间的职业倦怠(情绪衰竭)的相关
性。与Iverson等⼈观点不同的是,Saxton等⼈认为⼯作满意度低是职业倦怠的原因,⽽不是结果。此外,缺勤现象被认为是
职业倦怠的后果。这项研究测试了职业倦怠可以当做⼯作满意度和缺勤之间的调节因素。他们的数据似乎确定了职业倦怠的调
节作⽤,但是Saxton等⼈并没有明确的实验说明这个调节作⽤。
虽然没有实际关注职业倦怠,但Hardy等⼈(2003)研究了⼼理因素和缺勤是有关系的。该研究显⽰,⼼理压⼒和⼯作焦虑以
及抑郁会导致更严重的缺勤率。此外,他们假设并发现⼯作满意度和⼼理压⼒跟缺勤率有很⼤关系。最后,Toppinen-Tanner
等⼈(2005)发现职业倦怠导致因疾病旷⼯,尤其是精神和⾏
为失调更有可能是因为较⾼的职业倦怠状态。
还应当进⼀步指出,本研究中没有⽤验证的尺度来衡量⼯作满意度和职业倦怠。⼯作满意度是⽤单⼀的维度来衡量的,⽽不是
⼀个可⽤的模型。职业倦怠⽤多个被验证过的项⽬来测量,但⽤的是对⽐的反应尺度,⽽不是原来的七个点的尺度。忽略这种
稍不恰当的测量⽅法,⼯作满意度项⽬被证明具有较⾼的内容效度,表明它具有⼀个很⾼的可信度。如果有什么区别的话,就
是这些可靠的尺度将有可能提⾼在奔向研究中所发现的这些因素的相关性,并可能强化纵向影响。
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作者:,ers,s
国籍:荷兰
出处:《欧洲期刊:组织⼼理学杂志》,2010,19(1),第104-124页
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