flogging

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北京故宫简介(中英文)

故宫旧称紫禁城。是明清两代皇宫，中国现存最大最完整的古建筑群。1988年

被联合国教科文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。

故宫占地72万平方米，屋宇9999间半，建筑面积15.5万平方米。为一长方形

城池，四角矗立、风格绮丽的角楼，墙外有宽52米的护城河环绕，形成一个森

严壁垒的城堡。建筑气势雄伟、豪华壮丽，是中国古代建筑艺术的精华。

故宫有四个大门，正门名为午门。俗称五凤楼。其平面为凹形，中有重楼，重檐

庑殿顶，两翼各有重檐楼阁四座。明廊相连，宏伟壮丽。午门后有五座精巧的汉

白玉拱桥通往太和门。东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。

故宫宫殿的建筑布局有外朝、内廷之分。内廷与外朝的建筑气氛迥然不同。外朝

以太和、中和、保和三大殿为中心，是封建皇帝行使权力、举行盛典的地方。内

廷以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫为中心，是封建帝王与后妃居住之所。此外还有文

华殿、武英殿、御花园等。

乾清宫在故宫内庭最前面。清康熙前此处为皇帝居住和处理政务之处。清雍正后

皇帝移居养心殿，但仍在此批阅奏报，选派官吏和召见臣下。

交泰殿在乾清宫和坤宁宫之间，含天地交合、安康美满之意。其建于明代，清嘉

庆三年（公元1798年）重修，是座四角攒尖，镀金宝顶，龙凤纹饰的方形殿。

明、清时，该殿是皇后生日举办寿庆活动的地方。清代皇后去祭先蚕坛前，需至

此检查祭典仪式的准备情况。坤宁宫在故宫“内庭”最后面。明时为皇后住所。

清代改为祭神场所。其中东暖阁为皇帝大婚的洞房，康熙、同治、光绪三帝，均

在此举行婚礼。

故宫

无与伦比的古代建筑杰作紫禁城占地72万多平方米，共有宫殿9000多间，都是

木结构、黄琉璃瓦顶、青白石底座，饰以金碧辉煌的彩画。这些宫殿是沿着一条

南北向中轴线排列，并向两旁展开，南北取直，左右对称。这条中轴线不仅贯穿

在紫禁城内，而且南达永定门，北到鼓楼、钟楼，贯穿了整个城市，气魄宏伟，

规划严整，极为壮观。建筑学家们认为故宫的设计与建筑，实在是一个无与伦比

的杰作，它的平面布局，立体效果，以及形式上的雄伟、堂皇、庄严、和谐，都

可以说是上罕见的。它标志着我们祖国悠久的文化传统，显示着五百多年前匠师

们在建筑上的卓越成就。

引人注目的三大殿

里最吸引人的建筑是三座大殿：太和殿、中和殿和保和殿。它们都建在汉白玉砌

成的8米高的台基上，远望犹如神话中的琼宫仙阙。第一座大殿太和殿是最富丽

堂皇的建筑，俗称“金銮殿”，是皇帝举行大典的地方，殿高28米，东西63

米，南北35米，有直径达1米的大柱92根，其中6根围绕御座的是沥粉金漆的

蟠龙柱。御座设在殿内高2米的台上，前有造型美观的仙鹤、炉、鼎，后面有精

雕细刻的围屏。整个大殿装饰得金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽。中和殿是皇帝去太和殿举

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行大典前稍事休息和演习礼仪的地方。保和殿是每年除夕皇帝赐宴外藩王公的场

所。

太和殿俗称金銮殿，在故宫的中心部位，是故宫三大殿之一。建在高约5米高的

汉白玉台基上。台基四周矗立成排的雕栏称为望柱，柱头雕以云龙云凤图案，前

后各有三座石阶，中间石阶雕有蟠龙，衬托以海浪和流云的“御路”。殿内有沥

粉金漆木柱和精致的蟠龙藻井，上挂“正大光明”匾，殿中间是封建皇权的象征

——金漆雕龙宝座。太和殿红墙黄瓦、朱楹金扉，在阳光下金碧辉煌，是故宫最

壮观的建筑，也是中国最大的木构殿宇。

中和殿是故宫三大殿之一，位于太和殿后。平面呈方形，黄琉璃瓦四角攒尖顶，

正中有鎏金宝顶。形体壮丽，建筑精巧。

保和殿也是故宫三大殿之一，在中和殿后。平面长方形，黄琉璃瓦四角攒尖顶。

建筑装修与彩绘十分精细绚丽。

富有生活气的内廷

故宫建筑的后半部叫内廷，以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫为中心，东西两翼有东六

宫和西六宫，是皇帝平日办事和他的后妃居住生活的地方。后半部在建筑风格上

同于前半部。前半部建筑形象是严肃、庄严、壮丽、雄伟，以象征皇帝的至高无

上。后半部内廷则富有生活气息，建筑多是自成院落，有花园、书斋、馆榭、山

石等。在坤宁宫北面的是御花园。御花园里有高耸的松柏、珍贵的花木、山石和

亭阁。名为万春亭和千秋亭的两座亭子，可以说是目前保存的古亭中最华丽的了。

收藏文物100万件

游览故宫，一是欣赏丰富多彩的建筑艺术；二是观赏陈列于室内的珍贵的文物。

故宫博物院藏有大量珍贵文物，据统计总共达1052653件之多，统称有文物100

万件，占全国文物总数的1/6。截至2005年12月31日，中国文物系统文物收

藏单位馆藏一级文物的总数已达109197件，现已全部在国家文物局建档备案。

在全国保存一级文物的1330个收藏单位中，故宫博物院以8273件（套）高居榜

首，并收有很多绝无仅有的国宝。在几个宫殿中设立了历代艺术馆、珍宝馆、钟

表馆等，爱好艺术的人在这些无与伦比的艺术品前，往往久久不忍离去。设在故

宫东路的珍宝馆，展出各种奇珍异宝。如一套清代金银珠云龙纹甲胄,通身缠绕

着16条龙，形状生动，穿插于云朵之间。甲胄是用约60万个小钢片连结起来的，

每个钢片厚约1毫米，长4毫米，宽1.5毫米，钻上小孔，以便穿线连结。据说，

为制造这套甲胄，共用了4万多个工时。PalaceMuum.

ThePalaceMuumhasrvedastheroyalresidenceduringtheMingand

erethatatotalof24monarchsascendedthethrone

aceMuum,asthemost

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beautifulspotofinterestthroughoutBeijing,isuniqueforitslocation:

tothenorthwestisBeihai(NorthSea)Park,famousforitswhitepagoda

andripplinglake;tothewestistheZhongnahai(centralandsoutha);

totheeastliesthetheWangfujingShoppingStreet;andtothenorthid

ngintheWanchun(EverlastingSpring)Pavilionat

thetopofJingshan(CharcoalHill)Park,youoverlooktheskylineofthe

outhernendofthepalaceisTian`anmen(Gateof

HeavenlyPeace)thesymbol

ofthePeople`sRepublicofChina.

Aworld-famoushistoricalsite,thePalaceMuumisontheWorldHeritage

ListofUNESCOandisanembodimentoforientalcivilization.

ThePalaceMuumisrectangularinshape,960meterslongfromnorthto

southand750meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringaspaceof720,000

squaremetersofwhich150,9000-strongrooms

le

compoundinclodbya10-meter-hignwallandisaccesdthroughfour

entrances,namely,themeridianGateinthesouth,theGateofMilitary

Prowessinthenorth,Donghua(EasternFlowery)Gateinthenorth,Donghua

(EasternFlowery)GateintheeastandXihua(WesternFlowery)Gatein

cornerthereisaturretconsistedof9roofbeams,18

lingthecompoundthereisa3,800-meter-long

and52meter-widemoat,makingthePalaceMuumalf-defensive

city-within-acity.

ThePalaceMuumwasmadeacenterofruleduringtheMingDynastyby

ZhunDi,le

complexstraddlesonan8-kilometers-longcentralaxisthatstretches

fromYongding(ForeverStable)GateinthesouthtoGulou(DrumTower)

encewasgiventotheroyalpowerbyputtingthe"three

mainfronthalls"and"threebackhalls"ontheaxiswhilearrangeother

structionofthePalaceMuum

mple,thebrickslaid

inthehalls,knownas"goldbrick,"underwentcomplex,two-dozen

inaltouch,thefiredbricksweredippedinChine

ingcomplicatedprocessandhighcost,thebrickare

called"goldenbricks."ThePalaceMuumrvesasalivingembodiment

ofgoodtraditionandstylesuniquetoChina`

reflectstothefulltheingenuityandcreativityoftheChineworking

ullyprervedandcompletegroupofroyalresidences,the

PalaceMuumisaprominenthistoricalandtouristsite.

WhatwearenowapproachingisthemainentrancetothePalaceMuum-the

MeridianGate,whichischaracterizedbyredwalls,yellowglazed-tile

fthiswalls,yellowglazed-tileroofs

fthismagnificentbuilding,therestandfive

nhallisroofedby

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ankedbytwo

gsaresquareinshape,completewithmultiple

hestructuresareconnected

ethehallsrembleasoaringbird,itwasalso

knowaswufenglou(Five-phoenixTower).Insidethemainhallthereis

ertheemperor

presidedovergrandceremoniesorobrvedritesintheHallofUpreme

Harmony,drums,bellsandgongswouldbestrucktomarktheoccasion.

Asthelegendgoes,theMeridianGateudtobeaplacewherecondemned

r,floggingwas

carriedoutherebytheMingemperors,Ifacourtierfallsafoulofthe

emperor,hewouldbestrippedofhiscourtdressandfloggingwitha

ointthepunishmentbecamesoharshthatatotalof11people

therhand,this

buildingwasalsoudtoobrveimportantoccasionslikethetraditional

ChineLanternFestival(15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth).Onthe

occasions,Chinelanternswouldbehangedandsumptuousbanquetswould

begiveninhonourofthewholecourtofministersandotherranking

officials.

UponenteringtheMeridianGatewebeganourtourofthePalaceMuum.

TheriverfoowinginfrontofusisknownasJinShuiHe(GoldenWater

River)andthefivemarblesbridgesspanningitareknownastheInner

nthemiddlewasudexclusivebythe

emperoranditsbanisterswerecarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.

Thebridgesflankingtheimperialonewererervedforprincesandother

romdecoration,

more,accordingtoancientChinecosmology,theSouthistheabodeof

fire,

way,thePalaceMuumreflectstraditionalChineculture.

oreground

bodytellwhichismaleandwhichisfemale

Theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpowerand

eronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathits

clawisfemaleTheoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizing

eronthewestwithacubcuddling

underneathitsclawisfemale,reprentingprosperitytheendless

it,youcanethatthePalaceMuumhastwomainparts:theforecourt

eemainhallsconstitutethemainstayofthe

forecourt,anditwasherethattheemperorannounceddecisionsand

theforecourtthereistheinnercourt,consisting

heretheemperorattended

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stateaffairs,ibitionsystem

ofthePalaceMuuminvolveshistoricalcourtrelicsandarticlesof

aceMuumhousnearlyonemillion

articlesofraretreasure,oronesixthofthetotalnumberinallofChina

`rethethreemainhallsofthePalacemuum,built

ostofChina`sarchitectureismade

ofwood,theheightofthe

architecture,ingeniousancientartisansbuiltthehallonagigantic

sotothindthatnotasingleplantwasgrown

rwaysoftriplemarbleterracethereare18bronze

andahisflankedbybronzetortoisandcranes,which

astisasundial,anancient

estthereisagrainmeasuresuggestingthattheemperor

wasjustandequitable.

Inthefrontandoneachflank,thereisapairofgiltbronzevats

(caldrons)moldedduringthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQing

theweights2tonsandisfilledwithwaterasa

uctureintheverymiddleis

theHallofSupremeHarmony,64meters

rrace

exclusive,thehallis26.92metersinheightandis35.03metersin

ngandareaof2,377squaremeters,theHallofSupremeHarmony

isChina`lissupportedby

6thick,

holiestplaceinthehall,theceilingandcoloredpatternsweremadeof

onewasplacedona

terraceandisflankedbystatuesofelephants,Luduan(aunicornwhich

couldtravel18,000kilometersadayandunderstandalllanguages),cranes

ethronethereisthecaisson,orcovered

ceiling,whichconsistsofacoilingdragonplayingwithaballinits

llisknownasXuanyuanMirror,andwassuppodlymadeby

aChineemperorofremotetimestorveasareminderthattheerulers

oneismadeofnanmuand

icentlybuiltandluxuriouslydecorated,thishall

didnotrveasaplaceinwhichtheemperorattendedtodailyaffairs.

Heudhishallformajoreventssuchashisbirthday,conferraloftitle

ofempressordispatchofgeneralstowar.

BehindtheHallofSupremeHarmony,theresitstheHallofCompleteHarmony.

s

theplacewheretheemperorrelaxedandgreetedhiscourtiersbefore

salso

theplacewheretheemperorpreparedprayersorexaminededsandsowers

beforeheattendedancestralsacrificesorparticipatedinsnowing

ceremonywasalsoheldhereonceevery10yearsfor

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retwodanchairs

theHallofCompleteHarmony,youwille

theHallofPrervingHarmony,whichwasudasaplacewhereimperial

erialexaminationwasthehignestlevel

ofcompetingformeritoriousappointmentunderthefeudalsystemdating

`slastimperialexaminationwasheldin

ear

ofhallthereisamarblerampcarvedwithcloudanddragondesigns,the

16.57metersinlength,

3.07metersinwidth,uarried

gthisgiantpieceofstone

toBeijingpeoplepouredwaterontotheroadandappliedrollingblocks

duringtheprocess.

rQianlongheld

dingfurthernorth,youcanfindthreemainrear

halls,lofunionandpeaceand

lofheavenlypurityifflankedon

theenclosure

he

otherbuildingsarecenteredaroundthePalaceofHeavenlyPurity,which

wasmeanttosuggestthatthemonarch`

empressandconcubineslivedintheinnercourt.

Thehallofheavenlypuritywaswheretheemperorlivedandattendedto

heemperormovedtoliveinthePalaceofMental

gupyoucaneaplaquebearingtheChine

inscription"beopenandabove-board,"amanifestotocourt

theplaqueastrongboxwasstoredcontainingawill

proachof

cretlylectingthenextemperorwasadoptedbyEmperorYongzhengof

stashed

bytheemperorinperson,theotherwasplacedinsidethestrongboxbehind

hedeathoftheemperor,thetwocopieswouldbe

nthiswaythatEmperor

Qianglongandothershaveascendedthethrone.

BehindtheHallofheavenlypurityyouwillethehallofunionandpeace,

herethat

theemperorreceivedcongratulationsandtributesfromimperialofficials

onmajorcalenderoccasions,Atotalof25imperialalsarestoredthere.

Inthehall,youwilleaplaquewiththehandwritteninscriptionof

"wewei,"exhortingTaoistdoctrines.

FurthernorthwardisthePalaceofEarthlyTranquillity,whichoncerved

asthelivingroomoftheempress`.Thehallwaslaterconvertedinto

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hthewindowpanesontheeasternwallyoucan

ll

hasalsorvedasthebridalchamberofmonarchs.

TheGateofEarthlyTranquilliityleadstotheImperialgarden(knownto

westernersasQianlong`sGarden),whichwasudbytheemperor,the

empress,ficentstructurestandsinthemiddle.

ItiscalledtheQin`san(ImperialPeace)eonlybuilding

edasashrine

dencoversaspaceof12,000squaremeters,and

is130metersfromeasttothewestandsome90metersfromnorthtothe

readozenhalls,verandahs,pavilionsandwatersidehous

ofthefurcornerthereisapaviliondedicated

tothefourasonswhichisdifferentinconstructionstyleandshape.

retreesandexotic

rockery,theImperialGardenrvedasamodelforChina`simperial

,atotalof10-strongbuildingstyleswereapplied.

Thetallbuildingwearenowpassingisthegateofmilitaryprowess,the

itisnowdrawingtoaconclusion

thersideofthe

roadisthe43-meter-hignCharcoalHill,providingnaturalprotection

salsoanembodimentofChina`s

constructionstyle-puttingapoolinthefrontandahillintherear.

Nowlet`sclimbuptoWanchun(EverlastingSprings)Pavillionwherewe`

llhaveagreatviewofthePalaceMuum..

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