肺尘病

基本的翻译技巧一般包括

1).Diction(选词用字);2).Amplification(增益);3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);

5).Conversion(转换);6).Restructuring(词序调整);7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);

8).Division(长句拆译).

遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。由于英汉分属不同的语

系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。本期用对比的方式

归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交

织，5.无对等词语。

词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含

义，即

1.根据构词法辨别词义；

2.根据指代关系辨别词义；

3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；

4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。

在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植

法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7.图形法和8.音译法。

pondenceBetweenEnglishandChineatWordLevel

----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况

Inmostcasthereisnoexistingpatternforntencetranslation,noraretherefixedrules

llyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChine

atwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:

1)Word-for-wordCorrespondence

Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.

Forexample:Marxism=马克思主义Aspirin＝阿斯匹林

2)OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning

Thisisacommoncaintranslation.

Forexample:

犬：dog,hound,spaniel,mastiff,pointer,tter,retriever,terrier……

3)OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaning

mple:

carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..

走：walk,saunter,amble,stride,trudge,trapes,shamble,prance,scamper,

clump,tiptoe….

羊：sheep,goat,ram,ewe,lamb……

4)EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother

5)WordsWithoutEquivalents

Inthisca,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.

Forexample:clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人

阴：(inChinethought)thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld

阳：(inChinethought)thestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworld

（目不识）丁:(notknowone's)ABC

stoDiscriminatetheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord

-----词义辨析

SinceEnglishwordsarepronetovariousmeanings,itisofvitalimportanceforatranslator

followingarethemajormethodsof

discriminatingwordmeaningsuggestedbysomelinguists.

1)JudgingfromtheWordFormation

InordertodiscriminatetheoriginalmeaningofanEnglishword,itisnecessaryforusto

haveaknowledgeofEnglishlexicology,andspecifically,aknowledgeofwordformation,such

ascompounding,derivation,affixation,blending,acronym,clipping,ommandof

themwillhelptoshedlightonthecorrectmeaningofsomedifficultwords.

Forexample,theword""parabiospheric"",whichconsistsofpara-(outside)+bio-(biologic)

+spheric(havingtheformofasphere).Afterabriefanalysis,wemaysafelyputitinto""外生

物层的"".Anothermorecomplicatedinstance,

tremelylongwordemsappallingly

r,ananatomicstudyofitscompositionenablesustogetaclear

understandingofitsmeaning:pneumono-(oflung)+ultra-(beyond)+micro(verysmall)+

scopic-(ofviewingorobrving)+silico-(ofsilicon)+volcano+coni-(koni,ofdust)+osis

(formingthenameofadia).Evenifwearenotsureoftheequivalentofthismedicalterm,

wemayroughlygettherightmeaningofthelongword:akindoflungdiacaudby

okintosomedictionaryleadsustothedefinite

answer:硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。

2)JudgingfromtheReferences

Themeaningofapronominalword,thatis,whatitrefersto,istobejudgedfromthe

nominalwordsinclude:

(1)thirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronounssuchassome,any,each,both;anddefinite

pronounssuchasmuch,many,few,little,mple:

He[father]ntJohntotheuniversityandwaagertohavehimdistinguishhimlf.

他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。

(2)demonstrativepronouns,suchasthis,that,the,tho,anddemonstrativeadverbs

suchashere,there,now,then,mple:

Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(or:因为后者不能像前者那样

给人以幸福。)

(3)referencesofcomparison.

Forexample:

Ihateblueshirt;whiteshirtsuitsmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.

我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。

Withoutthereferentialwords""father"",""health"",""wealth""and""shirt""intheabove

threentences,itwouldbeverydifficulttomakeouttherealmeaningofsuchwordsas

""him"",""himlf"",""this"",""that""and""themostpreferable"".

3)JudgingfromtheContextandCollocation

Themeaningsofthewords""tension""and""story""inpreviouxamplesareexplicit

anotherexample:develop.

nedevelopedenginetroubleonlyvenmilesaftertakeoff.(发生故障)

aircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinorder

tosustaintheaircraft.(产生升力)

edbytheideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(发明避雷

针)

hesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobrvations.(得出论

断)

hedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.

(提出理论)

lopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniques

andequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高能力)

themoneycamefromllingthecretofanewtypeofpotatohehad

developed.(培育新品种)

gGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上结核病)

developallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(开发

资源)

lattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(开采矿床)

lopingadesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringand

materialscience.(进行设计)

'slookattheword""delicate""in

thefollowingillustrations,wheredifferentrenditionsaregiventothesamewordsoastosuit

thecollocation.

Delicateskin娇嫩的皮肤/porcelain精致的瓷器/upbringing娇生惯养/living奢侈的

生活/stomach容易吃坏的胃/va容易碰碎的花瓶/diplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题

/difference讲不大清楚的差别/surgicaloperation难做的外科手术/earformusic对音乐有

鉴赏力/nofsmell灵敏的嗅觉/touch生花妙笔/food美味的食物

4)JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties

Forexample,theword""ba"":

(1)Thelatheshouldbetonafirmba.

车床应安装在坚实的底座上。（机械）

(2)Asweallknow,abareactswithanacidtoformasalt.

众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。（化学）

(3)Atransistorhasthreeelectrodes,theemitter,thebaandthecollector.

晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子）

(4)LineABisthebaofthetriangleABC.

AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）

(5)Heisonthecondba.

他在二垒。（体育）

chniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord

----英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧

InhisStylisticsandTranslation,inghassuggested7techniquesintranslatinga

ddinanothertechnique,pictographictranslation,tomakeupthe

totalnumberof8.

1)Deduction（推演法）

DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglish

amajormeansinEnglish-Chinetranslation.

Forexample:

Stopout---(U.S.)astudentwhointerruptshiducationtopursuesomeotheractivityfora

briefperiod辍学学生

community---asocialgrouporclasshavingcommoninterests……派（界），……界人士

challenge---toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(.)对……表示怀疑,质

疑;对……提出异议

2)Transplant（移植法）

ThatisaliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.

microwave微波supermarket超级市场splashdown溅落dataphone数据送话（机）

3)Extension（引伸法）

Thismaybeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.

Bottleneck瓶颈→交通狭口→阻塞(fromconcretetoabstract)

braintrust脑托拉斯→智囊团(fromspecifictogeneral)

braindrain脑排干→人才外流→人才流失(fromconcretetoabstract)

Itismorethantransienteverydayness.这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。(fromabstractto

concrete)

4)Substitution（替代法）

ThisistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesynonymsoridioms

accordingtodifferentsituations.

ample杀一儆百(or:杀鸡给猴看)

Pleawithholdthehandout.请不要发这些材料。

Hewasindeedagoodriddance.他还是不在的好。

Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness.如果是得了不治之症(or:绝症)，情况就不

一样了。

5)Explanation（释义法）

ThistechniqueiscommonlyudwhenthereisnocorrespondingChineexpressionand

alltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomaken.

Mindlessness思想上的浑浊状态

togetherness不分彼此的集体感

redshirt美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生

swansong绝唱，辞世之作、归天之作

athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会

6)Combination（合并法）

Thismeanstointegratetwowordsofclomeaningintooneexpression.

Sosubtleandcarefulanobrver一位如此精细的观察者

hismendacityanddishonesty他的狡诈

agrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节

thebodyandmindcrampedbynoxiouswork有害工作造成的身心困顿

7)PictographicTranslation（图形法）

BythistechniqueEnglishwordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheiractualshapes.

H-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带

X-brace交叉支撑Y-curve叉型曲线

8)Transliteration（音译法）

Thistechniqueismostfrequentlyudindealingwithpropernouns(especiallythenames

ofpeopleandplaces,trademarks,etc.).Besides,itisalsoudincoinagewherenoexisting

Chineexpressionisavailable.

WallStreet华尔街TheTimes泰晤士报

Pentium奔腾（计算机微处理器）Citroen雪铁龙（汽车商标）

quinine奎宁（一种树皮名称）clone克隆

Internet因特网hacker黑客

ninChine-Englishtranslation

DictioninChine-EnglishtranslationissomewhatdifferentfromthatinEnglish-Chine.

IfthecruxofthelatterliesinpickingouttherightChinewordfromthoweknowverywell,

theformerthenismuchmoredifficult-wehavetodealwithanEnglishvocabularythatweare

mple,thefamiliarChineadjective""老"",sosimpleandcommon

aword,whenudindifferentcontexts,theEnglishequivalentsrarelykeeptoitsoriginal

meaning""old""-thatexplainswhyweareoftenfrustratedwhentryingtofindoutanaccurate

EnglishequivalentforacertainChineword.

(1)老战士aveteran

(2)老领导aniorleader

(3)老师傅amastercraftsman

（4)老闺女theyoungestdaughter

(5)老黄牛awillingox

(6)老芹菜overgrowncelery

(7)老皇历lastyear'scalendar

(8)老生常谈commonplace

Apparently,thetranslationofthesameoriginalwordvarieswithcontextandcollocation,

andthereisnofixedpatterntofolloweitherinEnglish-ChineorChine-Englishtranslation.

Aqualifiedtranslatormustbeawareofthiscircumstanceandmakeconscientiousandconstant

effortstoachievethebesteffect."