卡梅伦演讲

卡梅伦北大演讲

Introduction

TwentyfiveyearsagoIcametoHongKongasastudent.

Theyearwas1985.

DengXiaopingandMargaretThatcherhadrecentlysignedthe

historicJointDeclaration.

TheremarkablestoryofthesuccessfulhandoverofHongKong

andthegreatprogressHongKonghascontinuedtomake

isanexampletotheworldofwhatcanbeachievedwhentwo

countriescooperateinconfidenceandwithmutualrespect.

Sincethen,Chinahaschangedalmostbeyondrecognition.

China’sNationalAnthemfamouslycallsonthepeopleofChinato

standup

Qilaiqilai(standup,standup)

TodaytheChinepeoplearenotjuststandingupintheirown

country

theyarestandingupintheworld.

Nolongercanpeopletalkabouttheglobaleconomy

withoutincludingthecountrythathasgrownonaveragetenpercent

ayearforthreedecades.

Nolongercanwetalkabouttrade…

withoutthecountrythatisnowtheworld’slargestexporterand

thirdlargestimporter

Andnolongercanwedebateenergycurityorclimatechange

withoutthecountrythatisoneoftheworld’sbiggestconsumerof

energy.

Chinaisoncourtoreclaim,laterthiscentury,itspositionasthe

world’sbiggesteconomy

thepositionithasheldfor18ofthelast20centuries.

andanachievementofwhichtheChinepeoplearejustlyproud.

Putsimply:Chinahasre-emergedasagreatglobalpower.

ThreatorOpportunity

Nowpeoplecanreacttothisinoneoftwoways.

TheycaneChina’sriasathreat

ortheycaneitasanopportunity.

TheycanprotecttheirmarketsfromChina

oropentheirmarketstoChina.

TheycantryandshutChinaout

orwelcomeChinain,toanewplaceatthetoptableofglobalaffairs.

TherehasbeenachangeofGovernmentinBritainandachangeof

PrimeMinister.

Butonthisvitalpointthereisabsolutecontinuitybetweenmy

governmentandtheGovernmentsofTonyBlairandGordonBrown.

on

ondialogue.

ImadethatclearasLeaderoftheOppositionwhenIvisitedBeijing

andChongqingthreeyearsago.

AndIrepeatitasPrimeMinisterhereinChina’scapitaltoday.

IntheargumentabouthowtoreacttotheriofChina.

Isayit’sanopportunity.

Ichooengagementnotdingagement.

Dialoguenotstand-off.

Mutualbenefit,notzero-sumgame.

Partnershipnotprotectionism.

Britainisthecountrythatarguesmostpassionatelyforglobalisation

andfreetrade.

FreetradeisinourDNA.

ofitaswecanget.

That’swhyIhavewithmeonthisvisitoneofthebiggestandmost

high-powereddelegationsaBritishPrimeMinisterhaverledto

China.

JustthinkaboutsomeoftheprizesthattheriofChinacouldhelp

tobringwithinourgrasp.

Strong,andsustainablegrowthfortheglobaleconomy.

VitalprogressontheDohatraderoundwhichcouldadd$170billion

totheglobaleconomy.

Arealchancetogetbackontracktowardsalegallybindingdealon

emissions

Unprecedentedprogressintacklingpoverty.

Chinahaslifted500millionpeopleoutofpovertyinjustthirtyyears.

Althoughthereisstillalongwaytogo–that’smorepeopleliftedout

ofpovertythanatanytimeinhumanhistory.

Youcanetheresultsrightacrossthinormouscountry.

WhenIworkedinHongKongbrieflyin1985,Shenzhenwasbarely

morethanasmalltown,surroundedbypaddyfieldsandwaterways.

smostoftheworld’s

iPodsandoneintenofitsmobilephones.

Andthereareotherbenefitstoointacklingtheworld’smost

intractableproblems.

Iwelcomethefact,forexample,thatmorethan900Chinedoctors

nowworkinAfricancountriesandthatinUgandaitisaChine

pharmaceuticalfirmthatisintroducinganewanti-malarialdrug.

SoIwanttomakethepositiveca

fortheworldtoeChina’sriasanopportunitynotathreat.

ButChinaneedstohelpustomakethatargument

todemonstratethatasyoureconomygrows,sodoourshared

interests,andoursharedresponsibilities.

WeshareaninterestinChina’sintegrationintotheworldeconomy,

whichisntialforChina’sdevelopment.

IfwearetomaintainEurope’sopennesstoChina,wemustbeableto

showthatChinaisopentoEurope.

Soweshareaninterestinaninternationalsystemgovernedbyrules

andnorms.

Weshareaninterestineffectivecooperativegovernance,including

fortheworldeconomy.

Weshareaninterestinfightingprotectionism

andinaco-ordinatedrebalancingbetweensurplusanddeficit

countries.

Theinterests,thoresponsibilitiesarebotheconomicandpolitical.

Letmetakeeachinturn.

EconomicResponsibilities

First,economicresponsibilities.

Let’sgetstraighttothepoint.

Theworldeconomyhasbeguntogrowagainafterthecrisis.

Butthatgrowthisveryuneven.

LedbyChina,Asiaandotheremergingmarketsaregrowingquickly.

Butinmuchoftheadvancedworldgrowthisslowandfragileand

unemploymentstubbornlyhigh.

Weshouldnotbesurpridatthis.

Thecrisishasdamagedmanyadvancedeconomiesandweakened

theirfinancialctors.

Theyfacemajorstructuralandfiscaladjustmentstorebalancetheir

economies.

Thisistrueofmyowncountry.

Weknowwhatstepsweneedtotaketorestorethepublicfinances

andrebalanceoureconomytowardsgreatersavingandinvestment

andgreaterexports.

Andwehavebeguntotakethem.

Butfortheworldeconomytobeabletogrowstronglyagain–andto

growwithoutcreatingthedangerouconomicandfinancial

instabilitiesthatledtothecrisis,weneedmorethanjustadjustment

intheadvancedworld.

Thetruthisthatsomecountrieswithcurrentaccountsurplushave

beensavingtoomuch

whileotherslikeminewithdeficitshavebeensavingtoolittle.

Andtheresulthasbeenadangeroustidalwaveofmoneygoingfrom

onesideoftheglobetotheother.

Weneedamorebalancedpatternofglobaldemandandsupply,a

morebalancedpatternofglobalsavingandinvestment.

Nowsometimeswhenyouhearpeopletalkabouteconomic

imbalances,itcanemasthoughcountriesthataresuccessfulat

exportingarebeingblamedfortheirsuccess.

That’sabsolutelynottheca.

Weallshareaninterestandaresponsibilitytoco-operatetocure

strongandbalancedglobalgrowth.

ThereisnogreaterillustrationofthisthanwhathappenedtoChina

asthewesternbankingsystemcollapd.

Chineexportsfell12percent

growthdroppedtoitslowestpointinmorethanadecade

andsome20millionjobswerelostintheChineexportctor.

Changesinthestructureofoureconomieswilltaketime.

Whatisimportantisthatthemajoreconomiesoftheworldhavea

sharedvisionofthepathofthischange:whatactionscountries

shouldavoid;whatactionscountriesneedtotakeand,crucially,over

whatperioditshouldhappen.

ThisiswhytheG20–andthemeetinginSeoul–issoimportant.

Togetherwecanagreeacommonapproach.

Wecancommittothenecessaryactions.

Wecanagreethatwewillholdeachothertoaccount.

AndjustasChinaplayedaleadingroleattheG20inhelpingtoavert

aglobaldepression

soitcanleadnow.

IknowfrommydiscussionswithPremierWenhowcommittedChina

istoactionstorebalanceitconomy.

Chinaisalreadytalkingaboutmovingtowardsincreaddomestic

consumption

betterhealthcareandwelfare

moreconsumergoodsasitsmiddleclassgrows

andintimeintroducinggreatermarketflexibilityintoitxchange

rate.

Thiscannotbecompletedovernight

butitmusthappen.

Let’sbeclearabouttherisksifitdoesnot

aboutwhatisatstakeforChinaandfortheUK–countriesthat

dependonanopenglobaleconomy.

Attheworstpointofthecrisis,weavertedprotectionism.

Butatatimeofslowgrowthandhighunemploymentinmany

countriesthopressureswillriagain

alreadyyoucanethem.

Countrieswillincreasinglybetemptedtotrytomaximitheirown

growthandtheirownemployment,attheexpenofothers.

Globalisation–theforcethathasbeensopowerfulindriving

developmentandbringinghugenumbersintotheworldeconomy

couldgointorever.

Ifwefollowthatpathwewillallloout.

oowouldChina.

Forthelasttwodecades,tradehasbeenaverypositivefactorin

China’sre-emergenceontheworldstage.

Ithasdrivenamazinggrowth

andraidthelivingstandardsofmillions.

TradehashelpedstitchbackChina’snetworkofrelationswith

countriesacrosstheworld.

Weneedtomakesurethatitdoesnotturnintoanegativefactor.

JustastheWestwantsgreateraccesstoChinemarkets

soChinawantsgreateraccesstoWesternmarkets

anditwantsmarketeconomystatusintheEUtoo.

IhadveryconstructivetalkswithPremierWenonexactlythisissue

yesterday.

IwillmakethecaforChinatogetmarketeconomystatusinthe

EU

butChinaneedstohelp,byshowingthatitiscommittedtobecoming

moreopen,asitbecomesmoreprosperous.

Andweneedtoworktogethertodomoretoprotectintellectual

propertyrights

becauthiswillgivemorebusinessconfidencetocomeandinvest

inChina.

UKcompaniesareuniquelyplacedtosupportChina’sdemandfor

morehighvaluegoodsforitsconsumers.

OurPavilionattheWorldExpoinShanghai–whichwontheGold

AwardforthebestPaviliondesign–wasashowcaforsomanyof

Britain’sstrengths

fromadvancedengineeringtoeducation…

fromgreatbrandstogreatpharmaceuticalbusiness

fromlowcarbontofinancialrvicestothecreativeindustries.

Inalltheareasandmanymore,BritishcompaniesandBritish

exportscanhelpChinadelivertheprosperityandprogressiteks.

WecanbepartofChina’sdevelopmentstrategy,justasChinaispart

ofours.

Atruepartnershipofgrowth.

Inrecentdays,Britainhaswonnewbusinessworthbillionsof

pounds

involvingcompaniesacrosstheUKandcitiesalloverChina.

includingadealbetweenRollsRoyceandChinaEasternAirlinesfor

16Airbus330aeroenginesworth￡750million

andinwardinvestmentsworthinexcessof￡300million

Thisisallinadditiontoatleast￡3bnofbusinesswhichBritish

companieshavecuredaspartoftheAirbuscontractconcluded

withChinalastweek

andafurther￡2billionofinvestmentsbyTescotodevelopnew

shoppingmallsoverthenextfiveyears.

Andwithnearly50ofBritain’smostinfluentialculture,education

andbusinessleadersjoiningmeonthisvisit.

Ihopethedealscanbejustthebeginningofawholeneweraof

bilateraltradebetweenourcountries.

Achievingthiswouldbearealwin-winforourtwocountries.

SoifChinaispreparedtopursuefurtheropeningofitsmarkets

andtoworkwithBritainandtheotherG20countriestorebalance

theworldeconomyandtakestepsovertimetowards

internationalisingitscurrency

thatwillgoalongwaytowardshelpingtheglobaleconomylockin

thestabilityitneedsforstrongandsustainablegrowth.

Andjustasimportantly,itwillgoalongwayincuringconfidence

intheglobalcommunitythatChinaasaneconomicpowerisaforce

forgood.

PoliticalResponsibilities

ButChinadoesnotjusthaveneweconomicpower.

Ithasnewpoliticalpower.

Andthatbringsnewpoliticalresponsibilitiestoo.

WhatChinasays–andwhatChinadoes–reallymatters.

Thereisbarelyaglobalissuethatneedsresolution,whichdoesnot

begthequestions:whatdoesChinathink,andhowcanChina

contributetoasolution?

Chinahasattemptedtoavoidentanglementinglobalaffairsinthe

na’ssizeandglobalreachmeansthatthisisnolongera

realisticchoice.

Whetherit’sclimatechangeordevelopment,healthandeducationor

globalcurity,Chinaistoobigandtooimportantnownottoplayits

part.

Onclimatechange,aninternationaldealhastobefair.

Andthatmeansthatcountrieswithdifferenthistoriescan’tallbe

expectedtocontributeinexactlythesameway.

Butafairdealalsomeansthatallcountriescontribute

andallarepartofanagreement.

Andthere’sactuallyahugeopportunityhereforChina.

BecauChinacanreallyprofitfromhavingsomeofthemost

efficientgreenenergyintheworld.

Oninternationalcurity,greatpowershaveabiggerinterestthan

anyoneinprervingstability.

Takedevelopmentforexample,Chinaisoneofthefastestgrowing

investorsinAfrica

withavitalinfluenceoverwhetherAfricacanbecomeanewsource

ofgrowthfortheworldeconomy.

Wewanttoworktogethertoensurethatthemoneywespendin

Africaisnotsupportingcorruptandintolerantregimes.

AndthemeetingoftheUNSecurityCouncilwhichtheBritish

ForeignSecretarywillchairlaterthismonthprovidesagood

opportunitytostepupourco-operationonSudan.

AsChina’sstarrisagainintheworld,sodoesitsstakeinastable

andorderedworld,inwhichtradeflowsfreely.

Today,Chinaistheworld’scondbiggestimporterofoil,andSudan

isoneofyourmostimportantsuppliers.

SoChinahasadirectnationalinterestinworkingforstabilityin

Sudan.

AndfourfifthsofyouroilimportspassthroughtheMalaccaStraits.

SolikeBritainandtheotherbigtradingnations,youdependonopen

alanes.

Andlikeus,yourstabilityandprosperitydependsinpartonthe

stabilityandprosperityofothers.

Whetherit’snuclearproliferation,aglobaleconomiccrisisortheri

ofinternationalterrorism,today’sthreatstoourcuritydonot

respectgeographicalboundaries.

TheproliferationofnuclearmaterialendangerslivesinNanjingas

wellasNewYork.

Chinaisplayinganactiveroleinhelpingtopreventconflagration

overNorthKorea.

WehavebeenworkingwithChinaintheUNSecurityCouncilto

keepupthepressureonIran

andChina’scontinuingrolehereisvitalifwearetopreventIran

fromacquiringanuclearweapon.

Inyourownregion,IbelieveChinacanworkwithustoimprovethe

situationfortheBurmepeople.

AndChinaisoneofthefewcountriesthatBurmawilllistentoon

thispoint.

Butpoliticalresponsibilitiesarenotjustabouthowonecountry

interactswithanother

thoresponsibilitiesalsoapplytothewayacountryempowersits

ownpeople.

PoliticalPerspectives

Itisundeniablethatgreatereconomicfreedomhascontributedto

China’sgrowingeconomicstrength.

AsChina’conomygenerateshigherlivingstandardsandmore

choiceforChinepeople,thereisinevitablydebatewithinChina

abouttherelationshipbetweengreatereconomicfreedomandgreater

politicalfreedom.

Irecognithatweapproachtheissueswithdifferentperspectives.

Iunderstandtoothatbeingingovernmentisahugechallenge.

I’mfindingthatrunningacountryof60millionpeople.

SoIcanonlybegintoimaginewhatitislikeleadingacountryof1.3

billion.

Irealithisprentschallengesofadifferentorderofmagnitude.

WhenIcameherelastIwasBritain’sLeaderoftheOpposition.

Nowwe’vehadaGeneralElection.

ItproducedaCoalitionGovernment,whichcombinestwodifferent

politicalparties–theConrvativesandtheLiberalDemocrats–

withdifferenthistoriesandpoliticalphilosophies,workingtogether

forthegoodofourcountry.

TheLabourPartyisnowtheofficialOpposition,witha

constitutionaldutytoholdthenewGovernmentpubliclytoaccount.

IndeedifIwerenotinBeijingthisWednesdayafternoon,Iwouldbe

preparingformyweeklyssionofPrimeMinister’squestionsinthe

HouofCommons,whereMPsquestionmefreelyaboutthewhole

rangeofgovernmentpolicy.

Allthetimethegovernmentissubjecttotheruleoflaw.

Theareconstraintsonthegovernment,andattimestheycanbe

frustratingwhentheCourtstakeaviewwithwhichthegovernment

differs

butultimatelywebelievethattheymakeourgovernmentbetterand

ourcountrystronger.

Throughthemedia,thepublicgettoheardirectlyfrompeoplewho

holddifferentviewsfromthegovernment.

Thatcanbedifficultattimes,too.

ButwebelievethatthebetterinformedtheBritishpublicisaboutthe

issuesaffectingoursociety

theeasieritis,ultimately,fortheBritishgovernmenttocometo

nsibledecisionsandtodeveloprobustpoliciesthatcommandthe

confidenceofourpeople.

ImaketheobrvationsnotbecauIbelievethatwehavesome

moralsuperiority.

Ourownsocietyisnotperfect.

Thereisstillinjusticewhichwemustworkhardtotackle.

Wearefarfromimmunefrompovertyandtheillsthatafflictevery

nationonearth.

Butinarguingforastrongrelationshipbetweenourcountries,I

wantarelationshipinwhichwecanbeopenwitheachother,in

whichwecanhaveconstructivedialogueofgiveandtakeinaspirit

oftoleranceandmutualrespect.

TheriineconomicfreedominChinainrecentyearshasbeen

hugelybeneficialtoChinaandtotheworld.

Ihopethatintimethiswillleadtoagreaterpoliticalopening

becauIamconvincedthatthebestguarantorofprosperityand

stabilityisforeconomicandpoliticalprogresstogoinsteptogether.

Insomerespectsitalreadyhas.

OrdinaryChinepeopletodayhavemorefreedomoverwherethey

live

whatjobtheydo

andwheretheytravel

thaneverbefore.

Peopleblogandtextmore.

It’srighttorecognithisprogress.

Butit’srightalsothatBritainshouldbeopenwithChinaonissues

where,nodoubtpartlybecauofourdifferenthistoryandculture,

wecontinuetotakeadifferentview.

Thereisnocretthatwedisagreeonsomeissues,especiallyaround

humanrights.

Wedon’traitheissuestomaketouslookgood,ortoflaunt

publiclythatwehavedoneso.

WeraithembecautheBritishpeopleexpectusto,andbecau

wehavesincereanddeeplyheldconcerns.

AndIampleadthatwehaveagreedthenexthumanrights

dialoguebetweenourtwogovernmentsforJanuary.

Becauintheend,beingabletotalkthroughtheissues–however

difficult–makesourrelationshipstronger.

Conclusion

SoletmefinishwhereIbegan.

China’ssuccess–andcontinuedsuccess–isgoodforBritainand

goodfortheworld.

It’snotinournationalinterestsforChinatostumble

orfortheChineeconomytosufferarever.

Wehavetomaketheca.

andIhopeChinawillhelpusmaketheca.

thatasChinagetsricher,itdoesnotfollowthattherestoftheworld

willgetpoorer.

ItissimplynottruethatasChinarisagainintheworld,others

mustnecessarilydecline.

Globalisationisnotazerosumgame.

Ifwemanagethingsproperly,ifwewintheargumentsforfreetrade,

ifwefindawaytobetterregulation,wecanbothgrowtogether.

Butifwedon’t,wewillbothsuffer.

IreferredearliertoBritain’sPavilionattheShanghaiExpo,“the

Dandelion〞

Weareextremelyproudthatitwonacovetedprize,andthatit

provedsopopularwithChinevisitors.

Itis,initsway,asymbolofthestrengthandthepotentialinour

relationship.

Twodifferentcountries,pastandfutureOlympichosts,onfarsides

oftheworld,sowingtheedsofaflourishingrelationshipinthe

future,arelationshipwhichhasthepotentialtogrowandtobloom.

Proof,perhaps,thatConfuciuswasrightwhenhesaid.

“withinthefourasallmenarebrothers〞

Yes,therewewillbestormstoweather.

Yes,therewillbeperilstoovercome.

Yes,wewillhavetopervere.

Butitwillbeworthit–forBritain,forChinaandfortheworld.