定语从句

1.定语从句:1)定语从句的定义

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代

词who(宾格whom,所有格who),that,which和关系副词where,when,why等。

Theboywhoiswearingablackcoatboughtadictionaryyesterday.

Thenoodlesthat（which）mymothercookedweredelicious.

TheschoolwhereIlearnedjudowasverylarge.

Irememberthedaywhenourbandwasformed.

Idon’tknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangrythismorning.

2)定语从句的种类：定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

(1)限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，

书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。

Doyouknowthegirlwhojustcamein?

Shanghaiisacity（that）I’vealwayswantedtovisit.

Hersistermarriedaman(who/whom/that)shemetonaplane.

asaverydifficultperiodofmylife.

(2)非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写

时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，而且不可以省略关系词。

Theoldwoman,wholivesonherown,hasacatforcompany.

LoriisgoingtomarryMark,whomshedoesnotlove.

Beijing,whichisthecapitalcityofChina,isaverybeautifulcity.

3)关系代词的用法：在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取

决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。

一．关系代词who,whom的用法

（1）who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom,但它的前面不能有

介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”.sapersonwhoalwayshasnovelideas.

ThegirlwhothefirstprizeinthecontestisfromZhejiang.

Thepersonwho/.

---.(介词to提到定语从句前，只能用whom.)

We’llgotothehospitaltoethepatients,mostofwhomarechildren.

(whom前常用表示数量的词none/neither/both/each/allof…)

(2)在定语从句中，who,that指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用who,而不用that.

A)先行词是one,ones,anyone时，宜用who.

Onewhohasnothingtofearforonelfdarestotellthetruth.

Theoneswhoflattermedon’wholaughslastlaughsbest.

Anyonewhofailstofinishthetaskgivenshouldbecriticized.

B)先行词为tho时，宜用howanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.

Nowordsarestrongenoughtoexpressourthankstothowhoworkedhardtorescuesurvivorsintheearthquake.

C)当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who.

ImetagirlinthestreetyesterdaywhogrewupinYunnanprovince.

D)一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词时that，另一个宜用thatyoumetlastnight

isthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.

E)在therebe开头的句子中，事宜用who.

asakingwhowaskindtohispeople.

Therearemanyoldmenwhoareagainstthisplan.

二．关系代词who的用法：关系代词who是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。当who代物时，相

当于引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。

DoyouknowPeterwhofatherhappenstobeworkinginyourcompany?

Thetouristwantedtobookaroomwhowindowfacessouth.

=Thetouristwantedtobookaroomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.

=m’swindowfacessouth.

WewenttoeourteacherMissStyles,whohusbandlosthislifeintheearthquake.

Xi’an,whowallsremainasgoodasbefore,isoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.

三．关系代词that,which的用法

（1）在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可通用。

Thenewhouthat/whichIhasjustboughtisaboutsixmilesaway.

Theyplantedsometreesthat/whichdidn’tneedmuchwater.

(2)限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况。

A）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时

Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenudagainstpollution.

PollyisthemostdirectyoungwomanthatIhaveevercomeacross.

B)先行词有序数词修饰时

Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhavemet.

TheveryfirsttimethatLestersawthefilm,hemadeuphismindtobecomeadoctor.

C)主句已有疑问词who或which时

Whichofthecarsthatareinfrontofthehotelbelongstoyou?

Whoisthemanthatissittingbythelake?

D)先行词既有人又有物时

Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.

Thebikeandhisriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.

E)先行词为all,much,few,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词时

It’tyouneedisahammerandsomenails.

Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.

I’dliketotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyousurprid.

F)先行词前面有thevery,theonly,thesame,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等词修饰时

ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.

Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.

LiMingistheonlyonethatwantstobeateacher.

G)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词以用which,另一个宜用that

Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenenbefore.

(3)只用which而不用that的情况

A)引导非限定定语从句时

Thefish,whichIboughtthismorning,isveryfresh.

Myhou,whichIboughttwoyearsago,hasgotalovelygarden.

Jimpasdthedrivingtest,whichsurprideverybodyintheoffice.

Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantoothers,which,ofcour,madetheothernvyhim.

Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeveryyear,mostofwhicharesoldabroad.

(which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/alittleof等词修饰)

B）在限定性定语从句中，关系带词前有介词时

IwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.

Thisisthehotelinwhichyouwillstay.=That’sthehotel(which/that)youwillstayin.

(此句中，如果介词in放在句子的后面，那么关系代词既可用which,也可用that,还可省略。

C）在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句时，其中一句的关系代词that时，另一个用which.

LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

4)关系副词的用法（where,when,why）：关系副词和关系代词一样，具有数重作用。连接主句与从句，指代先行词，在从句中作句

子成分。由于关系副词在从句中均做状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。

一．关系副词where的用法：有关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building,city,room等，

where在从句中作地点状语。

Thehotelwherewestayedwasveryclean.=Thehotel(that/which)westayedatwasveryclean.

=Thehotelatwhichwestayedwasveryclean.

IgottothestagewhereIwasn’tcopinganymore.

=Igottothestage(which/that)Iwasn’tcopingwithanymore.

=IgottothestagewithwhichIwasn’tcopinganymore.

二．关系副词when的用法：有when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time,day,date,等,when在从句中作时

间状语。

I’llneverforgetthetimewhenwefirstmetinLondon.

=I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichwefirstmetinLondon.

Thedate(when/that)hejoinedtheANCYouthLeaguewasAugust5th.(如果按语法来讲，上例中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常

用that代替when,而且还可以省略。)

三．关系副词why的用法：由why引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason后面，why在句中作原因状语。

ThereasonwhyIgotajobwasthatIworkedhard.

=Thereason(that)/forwhichIgotajobwasthatIworkedhard.

Thereasonwhyshewaslatewasthatshemisdherplane.

=Thereason(that)/forwhichshewaslatewasthatshemisdherplane.

Amydidn’tgetapayri,butthiswasn’tthemainreasonwhysheleft.

=Amydidn’tgetapayri,butthiswasn’tthemainreason(that)/forwhichsheleft.

(一般说来，在定语从句中，只要先行词是thereason，它的关系副词就是why,但在口语中，和when一样，why常被that代替，也可省

略。)

重点比较：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型：

定语从句Thereasonwhy/that…;…thereasonwhy/that…

表语从句Thereasonisthat…(不能用why，否则就重复了)

Iknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.

Thereasonisthatheisalwayscarelessinhiswork.

四．关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别

对于同一个先行词，正确区分关系代词和关系副词，关键是要弄清楚它们在定语从句中担任什么成分，而不仅仅取决于先行词是什么。如

果关系词在从句中制作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中做状语，就是关系副词，当然上面提到的口语用法除外。

例句比较：thecollege(that/which)Ivisited.

thecollegewhereIstudiedthreeyearsago.

3.I’llneverforgettheday(that/which)wespenttogether.

4.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIgotmarried.

5)使用定语从句注意事项

一．定语从句中的主谓一致

A）定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称，数要与先行词一致。

Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoeyou?

B）as/which作主语引导非限定性从句指全句时，从句谓语用第三人称。

Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.

Asisusual,Hanscametoschoollatethismorning.

C)先行词为“oneof+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。

Freddyisoneofthestudentswhowanttobediplomatsinourclass.

D)先行词为“theonlyoneofthe+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。

Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.

二.what,how不能用于定语从句中．

A）what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句进行互换。

Tellmeanything(that)youknow.=Tellmewhatyouknow.

Tellmeanythingwhatyouknow.(wrong)

B)how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用which来引导，也可用that或省略。

Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Iworkedouttheproblem.

ThisishowIworkedouttheproblem.

ThisisthewayhowIworkedouttheproblem.(wrong)

三．关系代词和关系副词的省略

（1）关系代词的省略：A）非限定性定语从句中关系代词不可以省略。

JanHak,whowasmyformerEnglishteacher,retiredlastyear.

B)在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可省略。

Sorry,forgottobringthemagazine(which/that)youwant.

C)关系代词作介词宾语时，如果介词出现在关系代词前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句句末，关系代词可以省略。

Thisisthegovernmentbuildinginwhichmyfatherworks.

Thisisthegovernment(which/that)myfatherworksin.

Thisisthegovernmentbuildinginmyfatherworks.(错误)

D）therebe句型之后的定语从句中，做主语或宾语的关系代词常客省略。

There’snothing(that)Icandoaboutit.

6）定语从句和同位语的区别

A)根据that在从句中是否做成分来判定。引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在句中充当主语或宾语，是对先行词的一个说明。引导

同位语从句的that是连接词，不充当任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which代替。同位语从句用来说明名词或代词表示的具体内容。

Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.

(that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news,that在从句中充当told的宾语。)

Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.

(that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分)

B）根据意思来判断

在关系代词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是。

Thenewsthatyoutoldmeisnottrue.

---Thenewsisthatyoutoldmelastweek.(不成立；不是同位语从句。)

Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.

---Thenewsisthattheleaderwillcomehere.(成立；是同位语从句)

Exercis

everalnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_______wegaveveralbellsandglass.

ich

educatedatBeijingUniversity,________shewentontohaveheradvancedabroad.

hat

‘rejusttryingtoreachapoint________bothsidessitdowntogetherandtalk.