thames

ACADEMICREADINGPRACTICETEST3

READINGPASSAGE1Questions1-14

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1–14whicharebadon

ReadingPassage1below.

CleaningupTheThames

TheRiverThames,whichwasbiologically“dead”asrecentlyasthe1960s,isnow

thecleanestmetropolitanriverintheworld,

companysaysthatthankstomajorinvestmentinbetterwagetreatmentinLondonandthe

ThamesValley,theriverthatflowsthroughtheUnitedKingdomcapitalandtheThamesEstuary

heriesDepartment,

whoareresponsibleformonitoringfishlevelsintheRiverThames,hasreportedthatthe

riverhasagainbecomethehometo115speciesoffishincludingabass,flounder,salmon,

smelt,ly,aporpoiwasspottedcavortingintherivernearcentralLondon.

1950s,weroutflowsandindustrialeffluenthad

heearly1970s,

ifyoufellintotheThamesyouwouldhavehadtoberushedtohospitaltogetyourstomachpumped.A

lParliamentaryCommitteesandRoyalCommissions

weretup,and,overtime,legislationhasbeenintroducedthatputtheonusonpolluters-effluent-

1964theGreaterLondon

Council(GLC)beganworkongreatlyenlargedwageworks,whichwerecompletedin1974.

illgoingon,anditinvolvesmanydisparate

armsofgovernmentandawiderangeofnon-governmentstakeholdergroups,allreprentinga

on’sca,theurbanandnon-urbanLondonboroughsthat

flanktheriver’scoureachhasitsownreasonsforkeeping“their”heirown

reasonsdonotholdoutasufficientlyattractivecarrot,thegovernmentalsowieldsacompelling

2000LocalGovernmentActrequireachlocalboroughto“prepareacommunitystrategy

forpromotingorimprovingtheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalwell-beingoftheirarea.”And

ifyourareaincludesastretchofriver,thatmeansasustainableriverdevelopmentstrategy.

Furtherlegislationaimedatimprovingandsustainingtheriver’sviabilityhasbeenpropod.

ThereisnowlegislationthatprotectstheRiverThames,eitherspecificallyoraspartofageneral

environmentalclau,intheLocalGovernmentAct,theLondonActs,andthelawthatcreatedthepost

areonlythetipofanicebergthatincludesindustrial,publichealth

ultisawiderangeofbodiesofficiallycharged,in

onewayoranother,mple,Transportfor

London-theagencyresponsiblefortransportinthecapital-playsaroleinregulatingriveruand

wareresponsibleforcontrollingtheeffluentsandrubbishcomingfromcraftusing

donebyofficersonofficialveslsregularlyinspectiingcraftanddoingspot

rexampleishowThamesWater(TW)hasnowbeenchargedtoreducetheamount

’nvironmentandqualitymanager,

pillett,said:“Thisprojectwillbuildonourinvestmentwhichhasdramaticallyimprovedthe

shouldnotbespoiledbylitterwhichbelongsinthebinnottheriver.”

Thousandsoftonsofrubbishendupintherivereachyear,frombadlystoredwaste,peoplethrowing

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litteroffboats,tterhitsthewater

itbecomestooheavytobeblownawayagainandthereforetheriversactasasinkinthesystem.

WhilethePortofLondonalreadycollectsupto3,000tonsofsolidwastefromthetidewayeveryyear,

ThamesWaternowplanstointroduceanewdevicetocapturemorerubbishfloatingdowntheriver.

Itconsistjust

offshoreinfrontoftheRoyalNavalCollegeatGreenwich,south-eastLondon,thedeviceixpected

edouttoa,thisrubbishcankillmarine

mammals,chine,knownastheRubbishMuncher,ishopedtobethefirstof

many,astheTWisnowlookingforsponsorstopayformorecagelwherealongtheThames.

MonitoringofthecleanlinessoftheRiverThamesinthepastwastheresponsibilityofawelter

ofagencies-BritishWaterways,PortofLondonAuthority,theEnvironmentAgency,theHealth

andSafetyCommission,ThamesWater–aswellasacademicdepartmentsandnationaland

thingwasnotright,someonewasboundtocallfoulandhold

somebodytoaccount,whetheritwasthelocalauthority,anindividualpolluteroranyofthemany

publicandprivatectorbodiesthatboreashareoftheresponsibilityformaintainingtheRiver

ghtheywillallstillhavetheirparttoplay,thereisnowa

centraldepartmentintheEnvironmentAgency,whichhastheremitofmonitoringtheThames.

Thiscentralisationofaccountabilitywill,itishoped,leadtomoreefficientcontrolandenforcement.

Questions1-6

SomeoftheactionstakentocleanuptheRiverThamesarelistedbelow.

Thewritergivestheactionsaxamplesofthingsthathavebeendonebyvarious

agenciesconnectedwiththeRiverThames.

Matcheachactionwiththeagencyresponsiblefordoingit.

Writetheappropriateletters(A-G)inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

ActionstoCleanuptheRiverThames

AOperatingtheRubbishMuncher

BCreatingCommunityStrategies

CMonitoringtheCleanlinessoftheRiverThames

DMonitoringFishLevels

ECollectingSolidWastefromtheTideway

FCreatingEnlargedSewageWorks

GControllingtheRiverThames’Traffic

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Source:USWaterNews2000

1TheEnvironmentAgency

2TransportforLondon

3TheGreaterLondonCouncil

4ThamesWater

5PortofLondon

6LocalBoroughs

ExampleAnswer

TheFisheriesDepartmentD

Questions7-14

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterofthereading

passageonCleaninguptheThames?

InBoxes7-14write:

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesn’tagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

7TheThamesisnowcleanerthatitwasin1900.

8SwimmingintheThamesnowposnohealthhazards.

9ItisnowmainlytheresponsibilityofthowhopollutetheThamestocleantheirwasteup.

10AlllocalLondonboroughsarenowpartlyresponsibleforkeepingtheThamesclean.

11TransportforLondonnowemploysatypeofRiverPolicetoenforcecontroloftheir

regulations.

12RubbishMunchersarenowsituatedatvariouslocationsontheThames.

13Previouslynoonedepartmenthadoverallresponsibilityorcontrolformonitoringthe

cleanlinessoftheThames.

14BritishWaterwayswillnolongerhaveanypartinkeepingtheThamesclean.

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READINGPASSAGE2Questions15-27

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions15–27whicharebadon

ReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.

Ifitweren’tfornicotine,peoplewouldn’?Becauofthemorethan

4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,altering

people’smoods,unately,

asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:okersbecomehooked

onit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,ttesmoke

contains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeath

Salone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillness.

ar,nearly35millionpeoplemakea

,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethana

year;isnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitlfinto

thesmoker’sbrainandverybeing?

Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugandsmokers,andevensomescientists,

dyfoundthatnon-smokers

gterorlesr

degrees,ursalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relieve

pain,andevendampentheirappetites(thushelpinginweightcontrol).Unfortunately,nicotinecan

dos,asareachievedfromtobacco

products,itcancauhighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystems

andanincreainsusceptibilitytoizuresandhypothermia.

Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturns

undinveralspeciesof

plants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant(thoughin

extremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans).

Assimpleasitlooks,

instance,whentobaccorearchersfoundthatmuchofthenicotineinacigarettewasn’trelead

whenburnedbutratherremainedchemicallyboundwithinthetobaccoleaf,theybeganadding

ahelps

keepnicotineinitsbasicform,whichismorereadilyvaporidbytheintenheatoftheburning

garettesforsaleintheUStodaycontain10milligrams

lingsmokefromalightedcigarette,theaveragesmokertakes1or

eknowthatonlyaminisculeamount

chshowsthatmanufacturerswouldhavetocut

nicotinelevelsinatypicalcigaretteby95%mokerpuffs

onalightedcigarette,smoke,includingvaporidnicotine,nand

liningofthemouthimmediatelyabsorbsomenicotine,buttheremainderflowsstraightdowninto

thelungs,odvesls

carrythenicotinetotheheart,ostoftheeffectsa

smokereksoccurinthebrain,shaveshownthatasmoker’s

firstciists

havefoundthatasmokedsubstancereachesthebrainmorequicklythanoneswallowed,snorted

(suchascocainepowder),anicotinemoleculeinhaledinsmokewill

otinetravelsthroughbloodvesls,whichbranchout

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ariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodate

sidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthe

releaofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.

Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffus

migratestothespacessurroundingneurones–ganglioncellsthat

mpulsarethebasisforour

thoughts,feelings,smitnerveimpulstoitsneighbour,aneuronereleas

cotinemolecules,theneurotransmitters

driftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneurone

andthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpul.

Theneur

openschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,

generatesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe

“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothe

and,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsinto

re’salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrent

ggercurrentcausincreadelectricalimpulstotravel

peatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreadelectrical

activity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.

Questions15-21

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterofReading

Passage2?

InBoxes15-21write:

YESifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

NOifthestatementdoesn’tagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

15Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnessarilythe

onethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.

16Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeoplea

yeargiveupsmoking.

17Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople’sabillitiestoperformsome

actionsmorequickly.

18Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.

19Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.

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20Nicotinedilatesthebloodveslsthatcarryitaroundthebody.

21Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.

Questions22-26

UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSORANUMBERfromReadingPassage2,

answerthefollowingquestions.

Writeyouranswersinboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.

22Whatisthenaturalcolourofnicotine?

23Byhowmuchwouldcigaretecompanieshavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesto

preventthemfrombeingaddictive?

24NameONEof2thingsthatfirsttakenicotineintoasmoker’sbody?

25Accordingtothepassage,byhowmanybeatsaminutecanacigaretteraiasmoker’s

heartrate?

26Whattypeofcellinthehumanbodyenclosneurones?

Questions27

FromthelistbelowchoothemostsuitabletitleforReadingPassage2.

AHowtoQuitSmoking

BTheDangersofSmoking

CCellBiology

DWhySmokingisAddictive

ENicotineisaPoison

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READINGPASSAGE3Questions28-40

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28–40whicharebadon

ReadingPassage3.

Questions28-32

ThereadingpassageonDeerFarmingInAustraliahas5paragraphs(A–E).

Fromthelistofheadingsbelowchoothemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphs

A–E.

Writetheappropriatenumber(i–viii)inboxes28–32onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphs,soyouwillnotuthemall.

iIndustryStructures

iiDiaAffectsProduction

iiiTrendsinProduction

ivGovernmentAssistance

vHowDeerCametoAustralia

viRearchandDevelopment

viiAsianCompetition

viiiIndustryDevelopment

28ParagraphA

29ParagraphB

30ParagraphC

31ParagraphD

32ParagraphE

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DeerFarmingInAustralia

ParagraphA

reintroducedintothecountryduringthe

nineteenthcenturyundertheacclimatizationprogramsgoverningtheintroductionofexotic

ciesofdeerwerereleadatvarious

malsdisperdandestablishedwildpopulationsatvariouslocationsacross

Australia,nimalsformed

thebasisforthedeerindustryinAustraliatoday.

CommercialdeerfarminginAustraliacommencedinVictoriain1971withtheauthorized

captureofrusadeerfromtheRoyalNationalPark,1985,onlyfourspeciesofdeer,

twofromtemperateclimates(red,fallow)andtwotropicalspecies(rusa,chital)wereconfined

1985,pressurefromindustrytoincreaherdnumberssawthe

sultedintheintroductionoflargenumbersofreddeer

ionalfarmed

deerherdisnowdistributedthroughoutallstatesalthoughmostareinNewSouthWalesand

Victoria.

ParagraphB

Thenumberofanimalsprocesdannuallyhascontinuedtoincrea,despite

ernistheapparentincreain

thenumberoffemaleanimalsprocesdandthenumberofwholeherdscommittedfor

rethan40,000animalsprocesdin1998/99and60,000in1999/2000,

thereit85%

ofallvenisonproducedinAustraliaixported,t90%ofallvelvet

antlerproducedixportedinanunprocesdstatetoAsia.

SchemestopromoteAustraliandeerproductscontinuetohaveapositiveeffecton

ustryappears

tobeshowinglimitedsignsthatitimergingfromastateofdepressioncaudbyboth

internalandexternalfactorsthatinclude:(i)theAsiancurrencydownturn;(ii)theindustry’s

lackofcompetitiveadvantageininfluentialmarkets(particularlyinrespecttoNewZealand

competition),and;(iii)withinindustryprocessingandmarketingcompetitionforlimitedproduct

volumesofvenison.

ParagraphC

FromtheformationoftheAustralianDeerBreedersFederationin1979,theindustry

reprentativebodyhavolvedthroughtheDeerFarmersFederationofAustraliatotheDeer

IndustryAssociationofAustraliaLtd(DIAA),ustryhas

establishedtwoproductdevelopmentandmarketingcompanies,theAustralianDeerHornand

Co-ProductsPtyLtd(ADH)andtheDeerIndustryProjectsandDevelopmentPtyLtd,which

tradesastheDeerIndustryCompany(DIC).ADHcollectsandmarketsAustraliandeerhorn

otestheharvestofvelvetantler

apanyalso

plansandco-ordinatesregularvelvetaccreditationcoursforAustraliandeerfarmers.

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ParagraphD

Estimatessuggestthatuntiltheearly1990stherateoftheannualincreainthe

numberoffarmeddeerwasupto25%,butafter1993thisrateofincreafelltoprobablyless

than10%.Themainreasonsforthedeclineinthedeerherdgrowthrateatsuchacriticaltime

forthemarketwere:(i)veredroughtconditionsupto1998affectingeasternAustraliaduring

1993-96and(ii)theconquentslaughteroflargenumbersofbreedingfemales,atverylow

confidence

sawadropinnewinvestmentwithintheindustryandalackofwillingnessofestablished

edevelopmentofstrongoverasmarketsforvenison

andvelvetandtheprospectofbetterasonsaheadin1996,thetrendsdescribedwere

r,therelativelysmallsizeoftheAustralian

herdwasentoimpoundesirablerestraintsontherateatwhichherdnumberscouldbe

expandedtomeetthedemandsforproducts.

Supplydifficultieswereexacerbatedwhenthesupplyofproducts,particularlyvenison,

resultwasdepletionof

theindustry’sfemalebreedingherds.

ParagraphE

Industryprogramsarefundedbystatutoryleviesonsalesofanimalsforvenison,velvet

ustryhasa1996-2000

fiveyearplanincludinganimalnutrition,pasturequality,carcassquality,antlerharvesting,

jectshavegeneratedasignificantvolume

ofinformation,whichcomplimentssimilarworkundertakeninNewZealandandotherdeer

farmingcountries.

MajorprojectsfundedbylevyfundsincludetheVenisonMarketProjectfrom1992to

itiativeresultedinadramaticincreaininternationaldemandforAustralian

forttomaintain

existingvenisonmarketsintheshorttermandtoincreatheminthelongterm,in1997the

industry’stopprioritybecametheincreainsizeandproductioncapacityofthenationalherd.

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Source:RuralIndustriesRearch&DevelopmentCorporation

Questions33-37

ReadthepassageaboutDeerFarminginAustraliaagainandlookatthestatements

below.

Inboxes33-37onyouranswersheetwrite:

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementisfal

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninReadingPassage3

33Until1985only2speciesoftheoriginallyreleadAustraliandeerwerenotudfor

farming.

34Since1985manyimporteddeerhavebeeninterbredwiththeestablishedherds.

35Thedropindeernumberssince1997ledtoanincreainthepriceofvenison.

36OnlyasmallamountofAustralianvenisonproductionisconsumeddomestically.

37CurrenteconomicconditionsinAsiancountrieshavehadpositiveeffectonthe

Australiandeerindustry.

Questions38-40

Completeeachofthefollowingstatements(Questions38-40)withwordstakenfrom

ReadingPassage3.

WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes38-40onyouranswersheet.

38Astringent__________allowstheAustraliandeerindustrytomaintaintheirexcellenceof

product.

39Herdstockexpansionwasmadedifficultbythekillingof__________tocontinueproduct

supply.

40ForeignandhomemarketsforAustralianvenisonincreadduetothe__________.

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