mistress

英国文学学习资料

Unit2

Sonnet18

thethemeofthesonnet?

Thepoetwritesbeautifullyontheconventionalthemethathispoetrywillbringeternitytotheonehelovesand

eulogizes.

esthepoetmeanbythelasttwolines?Whatistheroleofthelastsixlines?

Thelasttwolinesmean“youwillnotloyourownbeauty,norshallDeathboastthatyouroamaboutinhisdarkness;so

longasmencanstayalive,solongasthispoemlives,itgivesyoueternallife.”Thestetprovidesamajor“turning”in

thesonnetandanswersthequestionraidearlier:ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Theansweris:anice

summer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetryiternal.

tonthehumanistideaexpresdinthesonnet.

InthissonnetShakespeareexpressaveryboldidea:beautycanrelyontheforceofliteraturetoreachtheireternity;

literatureiscreatedbyman,thusitdeclaresman’park

heharshreligiouscontrolonthemedievalperiod,manwasnotagreat

being,aneternalbeing,rerisavigorouscommercialclassofbourgeoisie,

stronglystoricalcircumstancegavethe

hatictoneofthepoemshowsthemightylf-confidenceofthe

vividvariableandrichimagesreflectthelivelyandadventurousspiritsofthowhowere

openingnewspace,creatingnewworld.

Unit3

OfMarriageandSingleLife

iageanimpedimentorhelptoone’scareerdevelopment?

rr,

therearecasinwhichbadmarriagesleadtogoodresultsifthetwomakegoodtheirownfollyoronehelpstheother

overcome(getridof)his/hershortcomings.

narewifeandchildren“akindofdisciplineofhumanity”?

Amarriedmanknowshowtolove,rast,asingleman’stendernessisnotoftencalled

reyoungmen’smistress,companionsfor

middleage,andoldmen’bandscanbecomegood

anpersistsinchoosingabadmanforherhusbandagainsttheir

friends’connt,sheissuretobeabletohelphimtogetridofhisshortcomings(folly).

indhisargumentsconvincing?

ydothecouplesharethecommonground,buteachof

themisanindependentbeing,whohashis/notimpoideasupontheother.

Bacon’swordsinclinepjustacts

shouldthinkandact

fromafemaleperspectiveinmanycas.

OfStudies

owlivingintheageof“informationexplosion”.WhatlessonscanwelearnfromBacon’s“OfStudies”inour

accesstoinformation?

AccordingtoBacon,thegeneralcounls,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthothatarelearned.

Thatistosay,rightdecisionsandjudgmentsoverimportantmattersarebaduponcomprehensiveknowledgewhichis

tawiderangeofknowledge,apersoncannotdigestinformation,analyzeinformationandtake

timelymeasuresaccordingly.

ndoesreadingmakeafullman.

Studiesrvefordelight,forornament,generalcounls,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,

sperfectnature,snostondor

scantrain(shape)aperson’scharacterandmakeupa

person’efectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.

estheessaydealwith?

Thissayanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyrvefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,and

howstudiexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.

youthinkofthelanguageoftheessay?

Theessayispeculiarforitsclearness,brevity,tencesareshort,pointed,incisive,andof

enessofexpressionandsimplicityofdictionaretwochiefdistinguishingfeaturesofthepro

styleofBaconwhowasamongtheearliestofEnglishessayists.

Unit4

Analysis1

JohnDonne’s,“TheFlea,”isapersuasivepoeminwhichthespeakerisattemptingtoestablishaxualunionwithhis

r,badonthewoman’srejection,thespeakertwistshisargument,makingthatwhichhe

nnebringsoutandshapesthismeaningthroughhiscollaborativeuofconceit,

rhythm,eginning,Donneusthefleaasaconceit,toreprentaxualunionwithhis

tance,ondstothisincidentby

saying,“Andinthisfleaourbloodsmingledbe.”

Heissuggestingthattheyareunitedinthisfleaand,thus,wouldequallybeunitedinintimacy（性行为）.Inaddition,he

states,“ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisourmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis.”Thespeakerissuggestingthatthrough

,thefleareprentsmarriage,union,andconsummation（完成，圆满，完美）through

r,thewomancrushestheflea,thus,refusinghisrequest,andstatesthatneithershenorheisweakened

byitsdeath.

Badonherreaction,thespeakerstates,“Tistrue...Justsomuchhonor,whentheyyield’sttome,Willwaste,asthis

flea’sdeathtooklifefromthee.”Inotherwords,hetwistshisargumenttomakethepointthatthewomanwillloas

muchgivingherlftohimasshelostkillingtheflea-NOTHING!Secondly,Donne’suofrhythmaidsinshapingthe

poem’mhasalternatinglinesofiambictetrameter（四步）r,Donnevariesthis

tance,inthefirststanzahestates,“Markbutthisflea,

andmarkinthis.”Insteadofbeginningwithanunstresdwordorsyllableasiniambic,Donnestresstheword

“Mark.”samephra,heusapyrrhic（抑抑格）footover“but”

and“this”sostresscanbeplacedovertheword“flea.”Again,thefleaisanimportantpartofthespeaker’sargumentand

emphasisisplacedaccordingly.

Finally,Donne’nty-venlinesofthepoemfollowthe

nsistencyinpatternreflectsthespeaker’spersistenceasheproceedswithhisrequestfor

intimacythroughoutthepoem.

Analysis2

TheFleabyJohnDonneIncompleteEssayDonne’spoem“TheFlea”appearstobealovepoem,adedicationfromamale

suitortohisladyofhonor,poem,thespeakertriestoduceayoung

womanbycomparingthethefleaasan

argumenttoexemplifythatthephysicalrelationshiphedesiresisnotinitlfamomentouvent,becauasimilar

tanza1,thespeakercreateslikenessbetweenthefleabiteand

pretedthefirsttwolines,“Markbutthisflea,andmarkinthis,Howlittlethat,whichthoudeny’stme,

is;”tomeanthatthewomandoesn’trejectthefleaentréetoherbody,

thespeakershowsthesimilaritiesbetweentheirlovemakingandtheminglingoftheirbloodwithintheflea.“Itsuckedme

first,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe.”Thisargumentshowsthewomanthatthesame

physicalexchange,whichtakesplacebetweenherandaflea,s5-6of

stanza1thespeakerpersuadesthewomanthattheiractcouldnotbeconsideredasinbecauafleabiteisn’tconsideredone.

Thisactcouldnotbeconsideredalossofinnocencebecauitissocommonthatifitweretobetrue,nearlyeveryone

orethisladyshouldnotbetroubledaboutgivingherlftohimbeforethey

marry,tintroducestheideaofthebabyinthefinallinesofstanza

1.“Andpamperedswellswithonebloodmadeoftwo,Andthis,alas!Ismorethanwewoulddo.”Thislinedescribesthe

physicalchangesthathappentoaflea’aisnowconsideringthebabyproducedby

theirbloods.

Inthecondstanzathespeakerasksthewomentosparethelifeofthefleabecauifshekillsitshewouldkillthree

ythat,theflea(thebaby)hasjoinedthemeternally,thesamewaymarriagewouldjointhem.“Ohstay,

threelivesinonefleaspare,Wherewealmost,yeamorethan,eaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed

andmarriagetempleis.”Sincetheyhavealreadythemaritalbond,14and

15ofstanza2,“Thoughparentsgrudge,andyou,wearemet,andcloisteredinthelivingwallsofjet,”describeshowher

tlinesofstanza2,thespeakerarguesthatifshekillsthefleeshe

wouldbecommittingmurder.“Thoughumakeyouapttokillme,Letnottothat,lf-murderaddedbe,Andsacrilege,

threesinsinkillingthree.”tiontothomurders,she

wouldbekillingherlf.

Inthelaststanza,thewomanhaskilledthefleaandindoingsoshehaskilledthechild.“Cruelandsudden,hastthou

sincepurpledthynailinbloodofinnocence?”Thespeakerthenbringsupthepointthatthechildisinnocentandallthe

babydidwrongwaschoosingherasamother.“Whereincouldthisfleaguiltybe,Exceptinthatdropwhichitsuckedfrom

thee?”Thenexttwolinesindicatethatsheishappy,butthespeakersaysthatsheshouldnot.“Yetthoutriumph’st,and

say’stthatthouFind’stnotthylf,norme,theweakernow.”Sheshouldnotbecheerfulbecauherchoicetokillledtoher

speakerendstheargumentinthesubtextofthethirdstanzasayingthatsinceshehasalreadyloss

herinnocencebykillingtheflea,shemightaswellgiveintohimbecaushecannotloherinnocenceagain.“TheFlea”

byJohnDonne,anEnglishpoetandclergyman,trywasmarkedby

aisanexcellentexampleofhowhewasabletoestablishaparallelbetweentwovery

doptsacynicalandratherflippanttonetowardshiswoman,usinghiswittotrytobelittleand

overcomehermoralargumentsforimmediatepleasure.

Conceit

Conceit,anunusuallyfar-fetchedorelaboratemetaphororsimileprentingasurprisinglyaptparallelbetweentwo

etrarchaninfluence,EuropeanpoetryoftheRenaissancecultivatedfanciful

comparisonsandconceitstoahighdegreeofingenuity,eitherasthebasisforwholepoemsorasanincidentaldecorative

conceitsareprominentinElizabethanlovesonnets,inmetaphysicalpoetry,andintheFrenchdramaticver

ofCorneille（高乃依，法国17世纪剧作家）andRacine（拉辛，法国17世纪剧作家）.Conceitsoftenemploythedevices

ofhyperbole,paradox,andoxymoron.

sthepoetsaythat“thiscannotbesaidasin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead”?

Thewomandoesn’trejectthefleaentréetoherbody,akershows

thesimilaritiesbetweentheirlovemakingandtheminglingoftheirbloodwithintheflea.“Itsuckedmefirst,andnowsucks

thee,Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe.”Thisargumentshowsthewomanthatthesamephysicalexchange,which

takesplacebetweenherandaflea,ctcouldnotbeconsideredasin

becauafleabiteisn’tcouldnotbeconsideredalossofinnocencebecauitissocommonthatif

itweretobetrue,orethisladyshouldnotbetroubledabout

givingherlftohimbeforetheymarry,becautheironlyactisthemixingoftheirblood.

youthinkistheaddrese’sparents’attitudetowardthepoet’swooing?

Lines14and15ofstanza2,“Thoughparentsgrudge,andyou,wearemet,andcloisteredinthelivingwallsofjet,”

entsareagainstsuchamarriage.

therealpurpoofthepoettosaythatinkillingtheflea“thou”areactuallykillingthreelives?

Threelivesrefertoyou,meandtheflea(implyingourbaby).Thespeakerarguesthatifshekillsthefleeshewouldbe

tiontothomurders,shewouldbe

efleaiskilled,linghasdonenoharmto

,earsarefal.

Death,BeNotProud

tonthepoem.

Thispoemrevealstheauthor’sbutmomentary

ligiousideaiscuriouslyexpresdintheauthor’ssuppoddialoguewith

“death”,asvariousreasonsaregiveninthepoemagainstthecommonbeliefindeathas“mightyanddreadful”.

Accordingtotheauthor,“death”netwasatypicalworkoftheschoolofmetaphysical

poetry.

ouunderstandlines5-8?

Apparently,Donneissayingthatrelaxationandslumberaredesirablethingsinlife,anddeathoffershumanbeings

eternal“rest”and“sleep”,andtherefore“muchpleasure”.Bysaying“whichbutthypicturesbe”,Donnereferstothefact

,allmenandwomen,notjustthe“bestmen”,eventuallywalkwith

ssafe,butthat’snotnecessarily

snotsomethingweshouldfear,eprefacetoourfinal

sleep,whichoffers“freedom”(andfinaldelivery)nneisimplyingthatourlifeoffersonly

imprisonmentforthesoul,andinthisnDeathwouldbemorepowerful.

ParadiLost

sthestorytakenfrom?Tellthestorybriefly.

ndotherangelsrebelagainstGod,buttheyaredefeatedanddriven

idstthefurnaceofHell,mestheshapeofa

snakeandcomestotheGardenofEden,,afterknowingSatan’splot,ndsthe

r,SatanstillsucceedsinducingEvetoeatthefruitfrom

theTreeofKnowledge,ult,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromthe

paradiandthereafterlivealifefullofhardship.

eralsubject（总的主题）isbrieflystatedinBookI,thegeneralsubject?

Thegeneralsubjectisman’sdisobedienceandthelossthereuponofParadi,withitsprimecau,Satan,who,having

revoltedfromGod,sreprentedwithhisangels,lyingontheburninglakeofhell.

Heawakenshislegions,comfortsthem,onium,thepalaceofSatan,isbuilt.

onthecharacterofSataninBookIofParadiLost?

usadmiretherebel,especiallytherebelwhowillnotbow

nhefeelssorrowatthesadplight（状态）oftho

hehadledtosoterribleapunishment,satthemostnotablein

BookIbecauhehasabouthimthelastflickers（闪烁）ofheavenlyradiance（光辉）,thetracesofhisruinedgreatness.

Thereisundoubtedlysomethingthrillingashesummonsuphisdefeatedpowers,collectstogetherthescatteredlegions

（军团）ofthelostangels,addressthemwithwordsofdefianceofGod,anddrawsforthresponofmilitaristic（穷兵

黩武的）asntashistroops“Clashedontheirsoundingshieldsthedinofwar,/Hurlingdefiancetowardsthevaultof

heaven.”ters（吓唬，狂吹）.Heprentsthe

commonestexcuthewrongdoerwhohasfailedcanmake:hesaysmorethanoncethathehadnowayofknowingGod

whenheclaimstohaveemptiedHeaven,

eoftheterribledefeathehasjustsuffered,herefustoacknowledgethe

continuethebattle,eventhoughheshouldrealizethatallhecangetoutofhisfightisfurtherpain

thislf-delusion（自欺）,however,Satan’sdefianceoftheDivineWillis

indispensabletothecontinuanceofhisidentity,apredicamentthatraishimtotragicstatus.

retherpentandhisfollowerscondemnedaftertheirdefeat?

TheyaredrivenfromHeavenintohell.

etheGod’spunishmentsforthorebelliousangelsasdescribedbyMiltoninlines59-74?

burningis

sulfur,withflames,hthevisibledarkness,hecandiscoversightsofwoe,regionsofsorrow,

mournfulshades,chaplaceas

rawayfromGodandlightofHeaven.

consideredbySatanas“ignominy”and“shame”(line115)?

intoGod,tofalldownonone’skneestobeg

formercysubmissively,worshipGod’spower,becomescaredforGod’sauthorityandpower,loconfidence.

SatanadvisingtherpentandhisfollowerstodointhispartofParadiLost?

HeisdefeatedinthebattleagainstGod,d,heisadvising

therpentandfollowerstoriupagainandfightanotherbattle.

Unit5

*辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党。1679年，当议会讨论詹姆士公

爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时，议员们展开了激烈争论。赞成的人被对方称为“托利”，反对

的人则被对方称为“辉格”。渐渐地，双方各自都以此自称。后来，双方的观点都发生了变化，辉格党对君主不再

持完全的否定态度，因为“光荣革命”后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制；托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君

主制的立场，因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败。久而久之，国王发现，无论是辉

格党还是托利党，当其中一个在议会中占多数时，就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣，内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾。

18世纪上半期，辉格党在政治上占优势，是议会多数党，故此，辉格党执政近半个世纪。18世纪后半期，托利党

才得以执政。工业革命以后，两党的主张发生一些变化。大约在19世纪30年代，托利党改称保守党(Conrvative)，

辉格党改称自由党(Liberal)。不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了，现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和

工党，英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党(LaborParty)的。

RobinsonCrusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》

(1)Background:arealincident;1704,AlexanderSelkirk,aScottishsailor,wasthrownontoadesolateislandbythe

eadabouthisadventuresinanewspaperandwentto

interviewhimtogetfirst-handinformation.

ThefirsttranslationwaddonebyLinShuin1905andbecamequitepopularinChina.

(2)Plot:runawayfromhome→becomeasailor→aplanterinBrazil→toanuninhabitedislandbecauof

shipwreck→madealivingthereallbyhimlf→saveanegronamedFridaywhobecamehisrvant→backto

England→visittheremoteislandagainandFridaywaskilled

Originalnameofthenovel:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe

apicaresquenovelwithalittlechange(maincharacterisdifferent)

(3)RobinsonCrusoe’scharacterization:typicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practical,diligent,arestlesscuriosity

toknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges;shrewd,

careaboutmoneyandgoodatmanaging;courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles

(4)Theme:praisinglaborandman’scourageandefforttoconquernature,butatthesametimehebeautifiescolonialism

andslavery(Friday)

(5)(Asksomequestionsabouttheexcerpt)

HowRobinsonmadeahomeforhimlfstepbystepontheremoteisland?

(Findingsomeufulthingfromthewreckedship–makingalittlepalearoundhistent–makingahutwiththeroof

–enlarginghiscaveandmakingitlikeastorehou–makingachairandatable–makinglargeshelves–keep

everythinginorder

(6)Style:journalistictruthwithmanyvividdetails,simpleandplainntencestructureandlanguage,firstpersonpointof

view,naturalorderinnarration,makingthestoryintimatetothereadersandbecomepopularamonglowerclass

RobinsonCrusoe

thestoryofthenovel.

othermenare

stherealoneformanyyears.

Withthefewthingshegetsfromthewreckedship,sbarleyandrice,domesticates

thegoats,fightsagainstthesavages,y

heisbroughtbacktoEnglandbyanEnglishship.

esRobinsonCrusoestandfor?

RobinsonCrusoestandsforatypical18th-centuryEnglishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,

inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instrugglingagainstthehostilenatural

everyprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.

theauthor’sattitudetowardscolonialism?

FromthecreationoftheimageofRobinsonCrusoebytheauthor,wecanethatDefoetookpositiveattitudetowards

rgeoisoutlookmanifestsitlfinthefactthathedoesnotcondemnNegro-slaveryinhisbook.

ThoughRobinsonlaborsforhisownexistence,yetassoonasanativemakeshisappearanceontheisland,Robinson

assumestheroleofamaster.“Master”escolonialismingerm.