trumps

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇LatinWordsinLegalEnglish来源：王堃一的日志

abinitio（自始，例：voidabinitio自始无效）fromthebeginning

adhoc（特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ahhoccommittee特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）forthispurpoadlitem（专为某

一诉讼目的；例：agentadlitem诉讼代理人）forthelawsuitafortiori（更加，更不必说）accordingtoWebster:"withgreaterreasonormore

convincingforce--udindrawingaconclusionthatisinferredtobeevenmorecertainthananother."Example:Ifitisaviolationofthendingstate's

rightstoarrestitsconsularofficial,thenafortioriitwouldbeaviolationtoarrestitsambassador.

aposteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的）fromeffecttocau;fromparticulartogeneral;inductive（badonobrvationorexperience）.

apriori（先验的；演绎的）fromcautoeffect;fromgeneralizationtoparticular;deductive;presuppodbyorreasoningfromlf-evident

propositions（badontheoryratherthanpractice）.

amicuscuriae（法庭之友）"friendofthecourt";apersonwithastronginterestinorviewsonthesubjectmatterofagivenlegalactionmaypetitionthe

courtforpermissiontofileabrief,ostensiblyonbehalficuscuriaebriefs

ae:NPCofIranv.M/TStoltSheafca

contralegem（违反法律）"againstthelaw"（termudtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatiscontrarytothelawgoverningthe

ecisionwouldnotnormallybepermittedunlessthetribunalhadbeenempoweredtoactexaequoetbono）.Asoppodtointra

legem.

defacto（事实；事实上）infact（asoppodtoinlaw,dejure）delegeferenda（根据拟议法）whatthelawoughttobe（asoppodtowhat

thelawis,lexlata）.delegelata（根据现行法）whatthelawis（asoppodtowhatthelawoughttobe,delegeferenda）.

dejure（法理上；法律上）inlaw（asoppodtoinfact,defacto）.

dolusspecialis（特殊目的）rnationalhumanitarianlaw,genocideisconsidereduniquebecauofthespecialintenttodestroyin

wholeorinpart,anational,ethnic,racialorreligiousgroup.

ergaomnes（对所有国家；普遍适用；对国际社会整体。例：obligationergaomnes对国际社会整体的义务；对世义务）"towardall"wrongfulacts

thatharmeveryoneandnotsimplyoneinjuredparty）

exaequoetbono（根据公允及善意原则；本着公平与正义的精神）ajudgmentbadonconsiderationsoffairness,notonconsiderationsof

udgmentisrendered"beside"or"againstthelaw"（praeterlegemorcontralegem）,notwithinthelaw（infralegemorintra

legem）.Example:Article38（2）epermitstheCourttorenderajudgmentonthegrounds

expropriomotu（出于自愿的；出自本意的）onitsownaccord.

expropriovigore（由于本身的力量）byitsownstrength/atreatymaybebindingexpropriovigore,

internationallawisnotbindingexpropriovigoreindomesticlaw,ythatrequiresdomesticlegislationisreferredto

asanon-lf-executingtreaty.

forumconveniens（便利法庭；合适的裁判地）trineofforumnon

conveniens（"inconvenientforum"）allowsacourttorefurtoadjudicateacaongroundsofinconvenience.

forumnonconveniens（不便利法庭；非方便裁判地）inconvenientforum.

inparidelicto（同等过错；互有过失）tyisasmuchatfaultastheopposingparty.

inparimateria（以相同方式）onlikesubjectmatter;llyudinregardstostatuteswhichrelatethesamethingorperson.

inpersonam（对人）（对物）“inathing”uit,anactioninremis

directedtowardssomespecificpieceofproperty,

instatunascendi（在新生状态/初始状态/原初状态中）initsoriginalform/inbirthstatus/nternationallaw,thistermgenerally

isudtorefeisudtorefertoemergentlaws,rules,orprinciplesof

customaryinternationallaw.

interalia（在其他事项外；此外）amongotherthings.

intralegem（法内）"withinthelaw"（termudtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatisconsistentwiththerulesoflaw

governingthecontroversy）.Asoppodtocontralegem.

interarmasilentleges（战争的时候无法律可言；战时法律暂停生效）intimeofwar,thelawsaresilent

ipsofacto（根据事实本身；事实使然）bythefact（oract）itlf.

ipsojure（依照法律；根据法律）bythelawitlf

jus（法；权利）laworthebodyoflaw

jusadbellum（诉诸战争权）dunderwhatconditionsiswareverjustifiable?Jusadbellumtstheboundariesfortheuof

denouncedinthe1919CovenantoftheLeagueofNationsandthe1928TreatyofParis（Briand-KelloggPact）.TheUNCharteradopted

in1945states:"AllMembersshallrefrainintheirinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruofforceagainsttheterritorialintegrityorpolitical

independenceofanystate,orinanyothermannerinconsistentwiththePurposoftheUnitedNations."Article2（4）.TheCharterauthorizestheuof

ejusadbellum（righttouforce）withjusinbello

（conductduringwar）.

juscivile（市民法）ileisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjusgentium.

juscogens（强制性法规；强制法；绝对法）"compellinglaw,"peremptoryprinciplesofinternationallawthatcannotbeoverridenbyspecifictreaties

betweencountries;thatis:normsthatadmitofnoderogation;theyarebindingonallstatesatalltimes（e.g.,prohibitionsonaggression,slavery,and

genocide）..

jusgentium（万民法）"lawofpeoples"or"lawoftribes,"abodyoflawdevelopedbyaRomanpraetorperegrinus;appliedtonon-Romansinthe

tiumisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjuscivile.

PrivateInternationalLaw

rinciplesgoverntheconductofpartiesduringthelawofwarandarmedconflict,andinabroadern

iclegalframeworksinclude,butarenotlimitedto:the1907Hague

ConventionsandRegulations;GenevaConventionsof1949andthe1977ProtocolsIandII;the1925GenevaGasProtocol;the1954HagueCultural

Property

Convention;the1972BiologicalWeaponsConvention;the1980ConventionalWeaponsConvention;andthe1993ChemicalWeaponsConvention.

Seealsojusadbellum.

jusintergentes（国家间法）"lawamongpeoples"（nations）.

jusnaturale（自然法）ssicalGreeksoriginatedthe"naturallaw"idea,butitwasgreatlyelaborateduponbytheRomans,including

MarcusAureliusandCicero;naturallawscholarsarguethatlawhasametaphysicalsource（God,nature）andisapprehensiblebyrationalhumans;the

lawtranscendstiem,place,andcircumstancejussanguines（血统主义；儿童国籍决定于父母国籍的惯例；根据血统决定国籍的原则）the"rightof

blood"or"lawofdescent":rasttojussoli.

jussoli（出生地主义；儿童国籍决定于他的出生地的惯例；根据出生地决定国籍的原则）the"law（orright）ofthesoil"-thelegalprinciplethatan

individual'snationalityisdeterminedbythatperson'splaceofbirth（thatis,theterritoryofagivenstate）.Contrasttojussanguineslacunae（漏洞；“法

律的间隙”）"holes"inthelaw;agaporblankinawriting.

lexcommunis（普通法）thecommonlaw;thebodyoflawdevelopedbyhumanpractice.

lexferenda（拟议法；应有法）whatthelawoughttobe

lexlata（现有法律；现行法）whatthelawislexloci（所在地法）ionthattherightstoalegalproceedingaregovernedby

thelawoftheplacewherethorightsaro.

lexposteriorderogatpriori（后法优于前法；孰后优先）morerecentlawprevailsover（abrogrates,overrrules,trumps）aninconsistentearlierlaw.

Onetestthatisappliedincircumstanceswhen（1）bothcustomaryandtreatysourcesoflawexistand（2）thetwosourcescannotbeconstrued

jusgentiumprivatum（国际私法）

jusgentiumpublicum（国际公法）

PublicInternationalLaw

jusinbello（战时法）

sttolexspecialisderogatgenerali.

lexscripta（成文法）written,"blackletter"lawlexspecialisderogatgenerali（特别法优于一般法；特别法优先）specificlawprevailsover

（abrogrates,overrrules,trumps）tthatisappliedincircumstanceswhen（1）bothcustomaryandtreatysourcesoflawexistand

（2）sttolexposteriorderogatpriori.

locusdelicti（不法行为地；犯罪地）Theplaceoftheoffen.

malecaptus,benedetentus（以不恰当手段抓捕的罪犯可以合法拘押）"badlycaptured,welldetained,"thelegalprinciplethatpermitsthetrial

ofanimproperlyizeddefendant;ce,articulatedbythe"Ker-Frisbiedoctrine"malumin（不法）hatiswrong

byitsnature,regardlessofspecificprohibitionagainstit.

malumprohibitum（法律禁止的不法行为）prohibited,hatiswrongbecauitixpresslyprohibitedbylaw.

mareclausum（领海；闭海）clodas;asoppodtomareliberum（freedomoftheas）mareliberum（公海）freedomoftheas;as

oppodtomareclausum（clodas）

mutatismutandis（加以必要的变通；比照；参照）"whenwhatmustbechangedhasbeenchanged,"aftermakingthenecessarychanges;with

mple:"Thenewprovisionsgoverningthetribunal'soperationsaretoapplyaswelltothecourt'soperations,

mutatismutandis.

nonliquet（法律欠缺；不予裁决）thelawisinsufficienttoprovideadecision

nuncprotunc（事后补正）toactionsthatmaybetakenwithretroactiveeffect.

opiniojurissivenecessitatis（法律必要确信）（orsimply,opiniojuris）theperceptionthatagivenbehaviorisrequiredbylaw,thatitislegallyobliged,

aduty.（asoppodtobehaviorsthataremotivatedbyotherconcerns,orsimplyrandomorhabitualbehavior）.Example:a.

pactasuntrvanda（有约必守）thedoctrinethatagreementsmustbeobrved（thatis:honored,obeyed）.Contrasttorebussicstantibus.

percuriam（经由法庭；法院意见；法庭整体意见）ionwrittenbythecourtwithnoidentifiedauthor.

personanongrata（不受欢迎的人）Anunwelcomeperson--thisisthebasisofexpulsionindiplomaticexchanges.

praetorperegrinus（外事裁判官）theRomanmagistratewhodevidtherulesofthejusgentium

primafacie（初步，例：primafacieevidence初步证据）"atfirstsight,"onthefaceofit,ingpresumedorinferredtobe

true,itionhearings.

quodhoc（关于此事；单就这一点）onthismatter.

ratioscripta（成文的理性）"writtenreason,"theasssmentofRomanlawcommonlyheldintheMedievalperiod

rebussicstantibus（情事变更）"mattersstandingthus,""thingsstayingastheyare"-thedoctrinethattreatyobligationsholdonlyaslongasthe

fundamentalcrticle62oftheUNVienna

ConventionontheLawofTreaties（VCLT）,apartymaybeabletomodifyorterminateatreatyduetoanunforeeableandfundamentalchangeof

inciplecannotbeudforatreatydefininggeogra

theGabcikovo-NagymarosProject（ia,ICJ）（applyingArticle62）.

resjudicata（既判力）"amatteradjudged",thelegalprinciplecommontomanymunicipallawsystemsthatprovidesthatamatteristtledonceafinal

ly,ageneralprincipleofinternationallawunderArticle38（1）（c）e.

rescommunis（共有物）belongingtoeveryone/llyudtorefertoaterritorialcategoryforpropertyandlandsincapableof

beingowned,suchasthehighasandouterspace.

resjudicata（已决事件；一事不再理原则）nlawdoctrineholdingthatanadjudicatedmattercannotbelitigatedagainby

anothercourt.

respublicachristiana（基督教共同体）thecommunityofChristiannations.

sinequanon（绝对必需；必不可少的条件）"withoutwhichnot,"anindispensablecondition,aprerequisite

staredecisis（遵循先例；判决拘束原则）Thedoctrinethatpreviouscourtdecisionstablishbindingprecedentforfuturecasofsimilar

situations;thatis,icle59oftheStatuteoftheICJ.

terranullius（无主地）landwithoutanowner（"noman'sland"）;territorythatmaybeacquiredbyastate'llyudtorefertoa

territorialcategoryforlandthatisnotoccupiedbutcapableofbeingoccupied.

ultravires（越权）"beyondthepowers";inexcessoftheauthorityconferredbylaw,andhence,invalid,lackinglegaleffect

utipossidetis（占有保持原则）"asyouposss",ost-warcontext:theconceptthatastatemayretainposssion

ost-colonialcontext:theconceptthatcolonialterritorialboundariescontinueinthe

post-colonialperiodandthatdecolonizedterritoriesarenotterranullius（andthus,subjecttooccupation）.See,forexample,lnon

（或者不是）"ornot