level5

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Level5Unit11/4

Listening

Jessica’sClassReunion1

arhermiddleschoolclasshasits20

oingtobeatahotelnear

nyotherbuildings,eenreplacedby

someapartmentbuildings.

Atfirst,shewasn’sonwasthattherewasn’tanyoneinparticularthat

shewantedtoe(fromherschooldays).aworkingmother

otheunionmeantthatshewouldhaveto

uldn’n’twanttotakeher

boywithher,andherhusbandwouldn’ttaketimeofffromwork.

ThenshegotamessagefromSharon,wascontractingpeoplefromtheirclass

rschooldays,Sharonwasclassmomitor,andnowshewashelpingto

organizethereunion.

TheyexchangemessagesandJessicasaidshecouldn’arongaveheracall,andtheytalkfor

reallywantedhertocome,andsodidthecoupleofJessica‘s’reall

reaespecially

curioussinceshehadn’tgonetotheirfirstreunion10yearsbefore.

Jessica’sClassReunion2

bandfinallyagreedtotakecareofthingswhileshe

edtodoit,becauhermotherhadofferedtocomeandstayedforawhile,soJessicacould

eandhermotherdidn’tgetalong,hedecidedtochangehisscheduleandworkfrom

lydidn’twanthermothertocomethoughhedidn’tsayso.

whoudtobegoodlookin

,shedecidedthatsinceshewasthere,she

wouldtrytoenjoyit.

Vocabulary

ActionsandChange

Toreplacesomethingmeanstoputsomethingelinitsplace.

Whensomethinggetsoldandbeginstobreakdown,itmayneedtobereplaced.

Thepersonwhoreplacessomeoneistheperson’sreplacement.

Whenapersonleavesacompany,thepersonmayneedtobereplacedbysomeoneel.

Totearsomethingdownmeanstobreakitapart.

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Totearapersondownmeanstohurtthembysayingnegativethingsaboutthem.

Itmaytakealongtimetoteardownabigbuilding.

TheEarthquakedestroyedveralbuildingsandleftmanypeoplewithouthomes.

Toconstructsomethingmeanstobuilditorputittogether.

Largeconstructionprojectsincludebuildings,bridgesandorganizations.

Theoppositeofconstructiveisdestructive.

Tobeconstructivemeanstohelpbuildanideaorprocessbycontributingsomethinghelpful,suchaspositive

feedback.

Destructivecommentsinadiscussioncanbeverynagativeandcaubadfeelings.

Toorganizesomethingmeanstoarrangethingsinanorderlylogicalway.

Anorganizationissomethingthathaslogicalstructuresuchasawell-managedcompany.

Somepeoplearepoorlyorganized,sotheyhaveahardtimefindingthings.

Theyaretoodisorganizedtogetanythingdoneontime.

Aneventorpartycanbewellorganized,poorlyorganizedorcompletelydisorganized.

Whenthingsarenotarrangedwell,youneedtoorganize.

Tosupportsomethingsuchasanideaistohelpaddstrengthtoit.

Theoppositeofsupportistoundermineorweaken.

Ifyousupportsomeone,itmeansyouaretryingtohelpthemsucceed.

Toworkagainstsomeonemeanstounderminethem,ormakethemlesffective.

TypesofInformation

Publicinformationisavailabletoanyonewhowantstoknowit.

Ifastoreisopentothepublic,itmeansanyonecancomein.

Apubliccompanymakesitssharesavailableforpurchabyanyinvestor.

Manypeoplemakemoneybyinvestinginpubliccompanies.

Anyonecaninvestinapubliccompanybybuyingitsshares.

Privateinformationisnotopentoeveryone,butisonlyavailabletotrustedfriendsorfamily.

Informationaboutone’screthopesanddreamsisusuallyprivate.

Youhadbetterkeepinformationaboutyourpasswordsprivateoryoumayloalot.

Thepasswordtoyourbankaccountisprivateinformation.

Mostpeoplekeeptheirpersonalinformationprivate.

-Tokeepsomethingprivatemeans...-...itshouldn’tbesharedwithothers.

Confidentialinformationiscretinformation.

Confidentialinformationisnotsuppodtobesharedwithothers.

Thedetailsofacretdesignorhowacompanymakesdecisionsareoftenconfidential.

Revealingconfidentialinformationmaybeillegal.

Gossipisinformationthatisoftenexchangedbecauit’xcitingorfun,

gossipisoftenentertainingbutitcanalsobedamaging.

Gossipmayhurtorembarrassthepersonbeinggossipedabout.

Peoplewhogossipoftenenjoyembarrassingorhurtingotherpeople.

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Whenpeoplegossip,theymayhurtsomeonebyspresdingfalesorembarrassinginformation.

Opinionsarewhatpeoplethinkorfeelaboutsomethingasapotofactsorinformation.

Factualinformationisbadonfactsorevidencesbutopinionsarewhatpeoplethinkorfeel.

Someone’sopinioniswhattheythinkorfeelaboutsomething.

Opinionsoftendiffer,andwhentheydopeoplemayargue.

Dialogue

ACustomerComplaint

M:IsthistheAcervicecenter?

W:Yes,itis,lpyou?

M:Yes,I’mcallingtocomplainaboutyourrvice.

W:Certainly,sir.I’tellmewhat

happened.

M:orethanaweekago.

-Thephra,mayI,signals...-...arequest.

W:Beforeyougoon,mayIhaveyourordernumberplea?

M:Sure,it’sABC1005.

W:AndmayIhavethelastfourdigitsofyoursocialcuritynumber?

M:Idon’thaveasocialcuritynumber.I’manillegalalien.

W:,then,whatisyourfirstpet’sname?

M:MisterKitty.

W:,what’stheproblem?

M:

suppodtobedeliverytoday,butit’sstillnothere.

W:Didanyonecontactyou?

M:No,Ihaven’treceivedanymessages.

W:I’msorrytohearthat,sir.

W:Ieherethatthewashingmachineyouorderedhasn’’tbedeliveryuntil

nextweek.

M:Youdon’tevenhaveityet?Whyhaven’tIbeennotified?Itooktimeofffromworktobeathometoday.

W:Youshouldhavebeennotified,byphoneoremail.

M:Iwasn’’veryuptting.

W:Iunderstand,sir.I’mreallysorryforthis.

M:Beingsorryisn’tenough.I’nowaytodobusiness.

W:Yes,stand.

W:Icanndyoua50dollargiftcouponasawaytoexpressourappreciationforyourpatience.

M:Idon’’tblameyouofcour,butIwantyoutoknowhowdisappointedIamwith

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tedamuchbetterrvice.

W:I’mreallysorry,eanythingelIcandoforyou?

M:Yes,thereis.I’dliketocanceltheorderandgettherefund.

W:I’msorrytohearthat,derstand.I’lletoitthatyougetyourrefund.

M:HowlongwillittakebeforeIgettherefund?

W:Youshouldethecreditonyourcreditcardbillingstatement.

M:Thanksforyourhelp.

W:You’rewelcome,eagain,pleaacceptmyapologies.

2/4

Listening

AtJessica’sReunionParty1

Jessica’earrived,shewasn’tsureshewasintheright

t,shedidn’asn’tlongbeforea

lreadylosinghishair,’tyou

rememberme?Heasked.

Whenhesaidwhohewas,shebarelyrememberedhim,told

shelookedbeautifulandheimmediatelytookasofyofthemwith

ledtohimandpretendedtobehappyto

act,shewasn’tsurehowtoreact,thoughheemednice.

Shefinallyexcudherlfandwenttothelady’beginningtoregrethavingcometothereunion.

Shehadalwaysbeenshyandshestillwas.

Whenshereturnedtotheparty,wasgoingtobervedsoonand

askedJessicatosayafewwordstoo,becau

ahadneverbeenverypopularandshedidn’tthinkanyonehad

alwaysfeltlikeanoutsider,hehadbeenoneofthe

beststudentsandpeoplerememberedher.

AtJessica’sReunionParty2

Astheeveningwereon,kedwithheroldfriendsandwasamazedby

mple,neofthe

adahardtimeinmath,

sbecauhewasn’forbasketball,hedidn’twanttodo

anything,unlessitwaasy.

e,whichhadalwaysbeenlarge,lso

ehadlefthim,soforthefirsttimeever,edlonelyand

depresdnotatalllikeheudtobe.

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mall,quietandabitugly,withcrooked

lishwavenbetterthantheirteacher’raduating,he

wenttoalow-rankeduniversityandeventuallydroppedout.

,10yearsago,heandsomefriendsstartedalittlecompanywhich

,hehadbecomearich,nicewarmsmileandhis

successhadn’cesshadn’tgonetohisheadmeans

thathissuccessdidn’tmakehimthinkhewasbetterthanothers.

-Hissuccesshadn’tgonetohisheadmeansthathissuccess...-...didn’tmakehimthinkhewasbetterthanothers.

n’ea

hat,

edtobecomeanactress,beentoostiffandnervousin

frontofthecamera.

tragedyinherlifehappenedabout5years

ago,a

couldn’adhadsuchhighhopesandtremendounergyasagirl,butthings

didn’tworkout.

eenbig,’tbeen

raduatinghejoinedthe

ivedthecrashbuthelostaleg

andwashospitalizedfornearlyayear.

entle,orkingforan

ssica’spointofview,Johnhadturnedouttobea

wonderfulsurpri.

Intheend,nterestingtoehowpeoplehadchangedthrough

hewashappytogethomeandappreciateeverythingthatshehad.

Vocabulary

LanguageofLove

Abrokenheartiswhathappenswhenaloverelationshipisbrokenoff.

Someonewithabrokenheartisusuallydepresdwhichmeanstheyfeelawfulanddon’tenjoylife.

Ifsomeoneyoulovebreaksofftherelationshipitfeelsliketheendoftheworld.

Shebrokehisheartwhenshetoldhimtheirrelationshipwasover.

Tofallinlovewithsomeonecanbeawonderfulexperiencewithpowerfulemotions.

Peopleinloveoftensharetheirdeepestfeelingsandemotions,whichisintimacy.

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Beinginlovecanblindyoufromeingthingsastheyreallyare,soitiasytomakeabaddecision.

Whenyouareinlovewithsomeoneyoucanhardlythinkofanythingel.

foundthemanofherdreams.

Tofindsomeoneattractiveusuallymeansthereisaphysicaldesiretobewiththem.

Physicalattractionmaysometimesleadtolove,butinmanycas,itmayonlyleadtoashorttermxual

relationship.

Physicallyattractivepeopleattractpeopleoftheoppositeorsamex,dependingontheirxualorientation.

Manywomenumakeuptomakethemlvesmorephysicallyattractive.

Toflirtwithsomeonemeanstolethimorherknowthatyouwanttobeapproached.

Somepeopleutheireyesorasmiletoflirt.

Theskillofflirtingissomethingthatcomesnaturallytosomepeople,butformanypeople,theyjustact

awkwardly.

Ifsomeoneisflirtingwithyou,rejecttheiradvanceoracceptitandbegina

relationship.

Jealousyiswhatoftenhappenswhen2peoplecompetefortheloveofthesameperson.

Theonewholosmaybeveryjealousoftheotherandtrytobreaksthingsup.

If2menarerivalsforthesamewoman,theymaydislikeorevenhateeachotherbecauofjealousy.

Ajealouspersonoftenwantstoposssthepersontheylove.

Feelingsofjealousymaylastforalongtimeandcandestroyfriendships.

ReactionstoNews

Somepeoplecanremaincalmevenwheneveryoneelisconfudandupt.

Whenyouarecalmyoucanthinkclearlyandmakegooddecisions.

Somepeopleareeasilyuptandhaveahardtimecontrollingtheiremotions.

Sometimesit’sbesttocontrolyouremotionsandbecalmratherthanreactinanger.

Theiractionscanupteveryonearoundthem.

Peoplereacttodisappointingnewsindifferentways.

Sometimestheygetdiscouragedandlotheirconfidence.

Sometimestheygetdepresdandbegintocryorevengetdrunk.

Whendisappointed,becalm,thinkclearlyandactconstructively.

Whendisappointed,it’smuchbettertofacethefactsanddecidewhattodonextthangetdiscouraged.

Shewasreallydisappointedwhenshefailedtopasstheexamination.

Discouragingnewscancaupeopletolotheirconfidence.

Peoplearefuriouswhentheyareextremelyangry.

Peoplewhoarefuriousateachothermayendupfightingortryingtohurteachother.

Somepeoplebecomefuriouswhentheyaredrivingandanotherdrivercutsinfrontofthem.

Whenpeoplearefuriousateachothertheyoftenyellandinsulteachother.

Tobeexcitedisusuallyagoodthing.

Peoplecanbecomeexcitedwhilewatchasoccermatchandeingtheirteamscoreagoal.

Theoppositeof“exciting”is“dull”or“boring”.

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Everyonewaxcitedwhentheyheardthattheirfavoriteteamhadwonthegame.

Heexpectedthegametobeexciting,butitwassoboringthatheleftearly.

Someoneisterrifiediftheyareextremelyafraidandshakingwithfear.

Terrifiedpeoplewilloftenscreamandrunawayfromwhateverthreateningthem.

BeingintheEarthquakewasaterrifyingexperience,especiallyforthechildren.

Whenpeoplearefuriousateachothertheyoftenyellandinsulteachother.

Peoplewhocan’tcontroltheiremotionsaredifficulttoworkwith.

Whenpeoplearefuriousateachother,theyoftenyellandinsulteachother.

HewasterrifiedwhenhethoughtthebuildinghewasinwasgoingtocollapintheEarthquake.

Dialogue

OfficeGossip

W1:Whatareyousoexcitedabout?

W2:Haveyouheard?JohnandSofaieraregettingadivorce.

W1:No,Ihaven’t,butI’nest,’sso

aggressiveandbossy.

W2:Well,omeoneonabusinesstrip.

W1:Really?HowdidyoufindTHATout?

W2:Sherrytoldmeafewminutesago.

W1:Oh,n’tbelieveanythingshesays.

W2:No,’tthinkshe’smakingitup.

W1:Wow,outtheirbaby?

W2:Idon’’theardanythingaboutthat.

W1:Well,that’oughIdon’tlikeeitheroneofthem,’ssosadwhenthis

happens,especiallyforthechild.

W2:Ya,’asytogetcortupoffinagossipandforgetabouttheriousconquences.

Tohaveanaffairmeansfoeamarriedpersontohavearomanticrelationshipoutsideofthemarriage.

Togossipistotalkaboutorspreadrumorsaboutthelivesofotherpeople.

W1:Still,Ican’tsayI’imaginelivingwithsomeonelikethat?

W2:No,Ican’olf-centered.

W1:Andwhatabouthim?

W2:Idon’tknowhimwell,butheemsnice.

W1:Ithinksotoo.I’mnotsurehowheeverfellforher.

W2:Areyoukidding?etoadmitthatshe’ablycouldn’thelp

itemshehasfallenforsomeoneel.

-Tofallforsomeonemeans...-...tofallinlovewiththem.

-Hormonesare...-...chemicalsinthebodythatcontrolhowpeoplefeel.

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W1:Iguesshecan’tcontrolhimlf.I’veheardhehasadrinkingproblemtoo.

W2:OhIwasn’,what’snew,right?Something’sneverchange.

W1:That’,whataboutlunch?

W2:No,thanks.I’dbettergetbacktowork.

3/4

Listening

Emma’sBest1

Emma’tartedin1995byamarriedcouplewhowere

founderswereEdandEmmaSmith,bothhealth-conscious

etherisks,ewitwouldbehardwork,

lanwastocreateabusinessthatprovidedhealthyfoodtobusypeople.

Theywantedittobesomethingtheycouldbeproudof.

-Theywantedtostarttheirownbusinesstherisks.-despite.

-Theirplanwastocreateabusinessthat...-...providedhealthyfoodtobusypeople.

Whentheystartedthecompany,werebecomingmorefood

,peoplewerewillingtopayhigherpricesforfoodthatwasfreeof

tion,anincreasingnumberofpeoplehadlittletimetogoshoppingandcookathome.

ereveryfewfrozenmealsavailableatthetime

erethegapinmarket.

Tobemoreconsciousofsomethingmeanstobemoreawareofit.

Edfrozenpastamealwitha

ketresponwanthusiasticandprofitablebeyondtheir

rsurpri,itwassoonbeingeatenbymillionsof

eingboughtbecauitwaasytoprepare

ouritwashealthy.

Peoplewerewillingtopaymoreforfoodthatwasfreeofharmfulchemicals.

Totheirsurpri,itwassooneatenbyawidevarietyofpeople.

ult,attheendof5years,thecompanywasproducingover

hentheyhaveincreadthenumberofmealstoover150,includingpizzas,sandwiches

oodsarecarriedbynaturalfoodstoresandsupermarketsthoughtoutNorthAmerica.

Peoplewerewillingtopaymoreforfoodthatwasfreeofharmfulchemicals.

Emma’sBest2

Althoughtheyhaveexpandedtheirproductionfacilitiesandincreadthenumberofemployees,theyhave

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joythefactthattheyareafamily-ownedbusiness,nsitivetotheneedsof

n’thanpayingdividendstoshareholders,

Emma’sBesthasaprofit-sharingplanthatbenefitsitmployees.

Dividendsarethatarepaidtotheshareholders.

Boult,employeeturnover

islotion,Emma’sBest

supportslocalcharities,especiit

success,eofthefactthatothercompaniesnow

producesimilarproducts,Emma’otalcommitmenttoqualityhasmade

thedifferenceandtheyareproudoftheaccomplishments.

Ifemployeesarehappyandmotivated,employeeturnoverisusuallylow.

Theyhaveremainedaprivatecompany.

Otherproductsfollowedinrapidsuccession.

Itwasbeingboughtbecauitwaasytoprepareandittestedgood.

Vocabulary

FeelingsandAttitudes

Peopleareoftennervousorapprehensivebeforeperforminginfrontofanaudience.

Peoplewhoarereallynervousmayfeelten,whichistheoppositeofrelaxed.

Whensomeoneisnervoustheirmusclesoftentenupandtheirheartrateincreas.

Sometimes,takingadeepbreathcanhelpanervouspersonfeelmorerelaxed.

Peopleareoftennervousorapprehensivebeforeperforminginfrontofanaudience.

Someonewhostronglybelievestheirabilitytodosomethingisoftenconfident.

Thebestwaytobuildconfidenceistopracticewhatyouaregoingtodountilyoucandoitwithea.

Thekeytobuildingconfidenceandreducingnervousnessiffectiveandfrequentpractice.

Someonewithconfidencecanperformatahigherlevelthansomeonewhoisnervous.

Thebestwaytobuildconfidenceistopracticehard.

Tobeindifferentmeanstonotcareonewayortheotheraboutsomething.

Ifyouareindifferenttoapersonoraproject,itmeansthatthepersonorprojectisn’timportanttoyou.

Peoplewhoareindifferentareoftencoldanduncaringaboutothers.

Peoplewhoareindifferentmaynotvalueanythingoranyonebutthemlves.

Tobeappreciativeistobethankfulorgratefulforsomething.

Ifsomeonedoessomethingniceforyou,youshouldappreciateit.

It’simportanttoshowyourappreciationforsomeone’ssupportorhelp.

Ifsomeonedoesafavorforyou,youshouldshowyourappreciationbythankingthem.

Tobedepresdistheoppositeoftobehappy.

Whensomeoneisdepresdtheyfeelverysad.

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Depressioncanbecaudbydisappointingnewsorbyfailingtoreachagoal.

Whenpeoplearedepresd,theyareusuallypessimisticaboutthefuture.

TypesofCharacter

Aggressivepeopleoftenpushtheirownideasortrytoforceotherstofollowthem.

Someonewhoispassivewillusuallynotresisteffortsoftheothers.

Apassivepersonisoftenenasweakandeasytocontrol.

Anaggressivepersonpushesorattacks,andapassivepersondoesn’tresist.

Anoptimisticpersonbelievesinapositivefuture.

Optimistseaglassthathalffullratherthanhalfempty.

Theoppositeofanoptimistisapessimist.

Pessimistseaglassashalfemptyratherthanhalffull.

Apessimistesthingswithanegativelightandhavelittlehopeforthefuture.

Sensitivepeopleareemotionalandhavestrongfeelingsaboutthings.

It’simportanttobecarefulwhendealingwithnsitivepeoplebecauit’asytouptthem.

Innsitivepeopledon’temtobeawareoforcareaboutthefeelingsofothers.

Hedoesn’trealizewhenshe’suptbecauhe’squiteinnsitivetothefeelingsofothers.

It’simportanttoknowhowtoactaroundextremelynsitivepeople.

Ameanpersondoesn’ttreatotherpeoplewellorwithkindness.

Meanpeopleoftenenjoymakingpeoplesufferfortheirmistakes.

Tobekindistheoppositeoftobemean.

Nobodyeveraskshimforhelpbecauhe’smeanandlfish.

Hewasreallymeantoherwhenshedisagreedwithhimandhetoldhertoshutup.

Hewasreallymeanwhenhetoldherhowbadlyshehadperformed.

Conceitedpeoplehaveaveryhighopinionofthemlves.

Theyoftentalkabouthowgreattheyareandtendtoexaggeratetheirstrength.

Modestpeopledon’tshowofftheirstrengths,butareoftenverygoodatwhattheydo.

Modestpeopleareoftenoverlookedinajobinterviewbecautheyfailtocommunicatetheirstrengths.

Conceitedpeopleoftenexaggeratetheirabilitiesandcanfoolpeopleintobelievingthem.

Dialogue

ArranginganAppointment

W:lpyou?ThisisSueMitchellspeaking.

M:HiSue,thisisBenWangofJobLINK.

W:OhhiBen,howareyou?I’vebeenexceptingyourcall.

M:I’msorrytobelate.I’vebeentravelling.

W:Itemslikeeveryoneistravellingthedays.

M:That’sforsure.I’mawaymorethanI’,I’mcallingtoeifwecanarrangeameeting.

W:reveralmattersI’dliketodiscusswithyou.

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M:Sure,wouldlaterthisweekbepossible?

W:ingtomyschedule,I’llhavesometimeThursdayafternoonandFridaymorning.

M:Howlongdoyouthinkwe’llneed?

W:Ithinkanhourshouldbeenough.

M:hursdayat3:30workforyou?

W:Yes,that’sfine.

W:OK,I’mlookingforwardtoeingyouat3:30onThursday.

M:Right,eyouthen,andthanks.

W:Youarewelcome,re.

Hesuggeststhattheymeetlaterthisweek.

M:HiSue,I’msorrybutsomethingurgenthascomeup,soI’dliketochangethetimeforourmeetingon

Thursday.

W:OhI’outFridaymorning?

M:ly?

W:I’musuallyhereby9o’oubeherebythen?

M:Yes,thatshouldn’tbeaproblem.

W:OK,Fridayat9o’clock.

M:Onceagain,sorryforthelastminutechange.

4/4

Listening

MysteriesofNature1

iesarethingswedon’tunderstand,suchashowtheEgyptian

,knowabouttheworldemslikeverylittle.

-Thingswedon’tunderstandare...-...mysteries.

Scientistisinvisible,

wounknownsmakeuparound95%cefor

theirexistencecomesfromtheireffectsonthatwhatwecanobrve,suchasthemotionandpositionsofdistant

galaxies.

Mostofwhatmakesuptheuniverisinvisible.

Yetthoughweknowverylittle,ways

lneedtofacebigissueslikeclimatechangeandthat

llengeforhumanswillbeourabilitytoadapttoourchanging

environment.

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Whataboutotherformsoflife?Howdotheyadapt?Seasonalvariations,forexample,canbeoneofthegreatest

birigrationsareamazing.

Birdsdon’tcarrymapsorcompass,vedevelopedtheabilitytoethe

Earth’sadvantageofthefactthattheEarthislikea

northpole,whichispositiveandasouthpole,wthebirdsare

abletoethismagnatefieldanduittotheiradvantage.

thistoconrve

rmation,ergycomesfromtheair

thebirdsknowthis?It’strulyamazinghowthebirdsknowthis.

Overcomeingsuchchallengesisagreatachievement,buthardlyeasy.

MysteriesofNature2

spendmostoftheirlivesintheocean,whichissalt

nit’canadapttheirbodiestosurviveinboth

’sbreedingtime,s

asiftheyhavebuiltinmapthatguidesthemforhundredsofmiles.

Oncetheyleavethesaltwater,theydon’edeterminedtofinishtheirjourney,despitethemany

imagainstthestrongcurrents,jumpoverwaterfallsandtrytoescapetheclawsofhungry

ealongtheway,ey

haveledtheireggs,theydie,sthattheirpurpoinlifeisjustto

reproduce.

Migrationtakesanimalstonew,thejourneys

arelonganddangerous,

fliesfrompoletopole,nachievesitsaveragelifespanof20years,thedistanceithasflownwill

beequivalenttoajourneytothemoonandback.

Alandmarkissomethingeasytoeandremember,like...-...ariverorbay.

Someofthejourneysarelonganddangerous,alongrouteswithnoobviouslandmarks.

Humansalsomigrate,unately,humanmigrationsareoftendue

hebeginningofthe21stcentury,largescalemigrationshavebecomeaglobalproblem.

Mvediedalongthewayor

uestionremainsastohowour

globalcommunitywillfacethechallenges.

Vocabulary

13

SocialRelations

Tocriticizesomeoneistopointouttheirfaultsormistakes.

Somepeopleappreciateconstructivecriticismwhichcanhelpthemdeveloptheirskills.

Somepeoplecannottakeanycriticismwithoutfeelinghurt.

Topraisomeoneistoletthemknowthattheyhavedoneagoodjob.

Somepeopleexpecttobepraidwhentheyhaveperformedwell.

It’simportantnottopraipeoplewhentheyhaven’tdoneagoodenoughjob.

Knowingwhenandhowtopraisomeoneisanimportantskill.

Toapologizetosomeoneistoadmitthatyouhavedonesomethingwrongorhurtful.

Onewaytoapologizeistosayyouaresorry.

Ifyourapologyisn’taccepted,itmeantthepersonhasn’tforgivenyou.

Ifsomeonerejectsyourapology,itmeanstheyhaven’tforgivenyou.

Toforgivesomeoneistoaccepttheirapology.

Ifyouaccidentallyhurtsomeoneit’susuallyagoodideatoapologize.

Toorderpeopletodosomethingistouyourpowerorpositiontogetthemtodoit.

Manypeopledislikebeingorderedtodothings.

Inmanycasit’sbettertomakearequestthanordersomeonetodosomething.

Ifsomeonedoesn’tfolloworders,heorshemaybepunished.

Abossmayorderhimployeestodosomethingandtheywillusuallyagreetodoit,eveniftheydon’twantto.

Anexampleofanorder:”Getmesometea.”

Toencouragesomeoneistosupporttheireffortsandhelpbuildtheirconfidence.

Agoodteacherencouragesstudentstodotheirbest.

Todiscouragesomeoneistotakeawaytheirconfidence.

It’sdiscouragingtoworkforsomeonewhonevershowsappreciationforyourhardwork.

Somepeoplearediscouragediftheydon’treceivepraiorrecognitionfortheirwork.

Science

Therearemanydifferentcyclesinnature,suchasthecycleofasons.

Acycleisariesofeventsthatrepeat,suchasthedailycycleoflightanddark.

Thenumberoftimesacyclerepeatsitlfwithinaperiodoftimeisitsfrequency.

Thetimeittakesforacycletorepeatitlfisitsperiod.

Toevolvemeanstochangeorimproveoveraperiodoftime.

Inbiologytheriesofevolutionsaysthateventlifeformssuchashumanshavolvedfromlowerformoflife.

Lifeformvolvebecautheyhavetoadaptinordertosurvive.

Accordingtosciencewehaveallevolvedfromsimpleone-calledorganisms.

Aforceofattractionbringstwoobjectsclortogether,suchastheforceofgravity.

Aforceofrepulsionpushestwoobjectsawayfromeachother,suchastheforcebetweentwoelectrons.

Gravityisaforceofattractionbetweentwoobjectswithmass.

Iftwopeopleareattractedtoeachother,theywanttobetogether.

14

Totransformmeanstochangefromoneformintoanother.

Atransformationoccurswhenanobjecttakesanewappearanceorstructure.

Overaperiodoftime,theprocessofevolutioncantransformtheappearanceofaspeciesoflife.

Agoodleadercantransforman

marriage,awife’sattempttotransformthebehaviorofherhusbandisoftenunsuccessful.

Toinheritsomethingmeanstogetitwithouthavingtoaskorworkforit.

Achildfromaveryrichfamilymayinheritalotofmoney.

Heinheritedalargefortunewhenhisparentsdied,sohedoesn’thavetoworkanymore.

Agoodfriendofminehasneverhadtowork,becaueverythinghehasisinherited.

Eyeandhaircolorareinheritedtraits.

ninteractions,therearealsoforcesof

eopleareattractedtoeachother,theywanttobe

together.

r,inhumanrelationships,thoughoppositesmayattract,therelationships

whohavemuchincommonmaynotattracteachotherbutmayhavealongerlasting

relationship.

Dialogue

HandingOfficeConflicts

W:Excume,doyouhaveaminute?

Boss:I’msorry,notrightnow.I’llbefreeinabout15minutes,couldyoucomebackthen?

W:No,I’mafraidwehaveanemergencyupstairs.

Boss:Can’tyouhandleit?

W:No,Ithinkitwillbebestifyouwerethere.

Boss:OK,I’llfinishthiscallandberightwithyou.

-What’stheproblem?-Theyhaveanemergencyupstairs.

Boss:OK,whatisit?

W:KevinandBobareshoutingateachotherandisupttingeveryone.

Boss:Oh,rtedit?

W:I’mnotsurebuttheywereevenpushingeachother.

-Inthisca,”theyhavetogrowup”means...-...toactlikeadultsandnotchildren.

Boss:OK,onaheadandwarnthemthatI’hemtocalmdown

dothat?

W:OK,I’knowKevin,heissuchahothead.

Thisisn’tthefirsttimetheyhavehadproblems.

Boss:OK,Kevin,I’gottostop.

15

Kevin:Yes,doesn’’simpossibletoworkwith.

Boss:Evenso,youcan’’eren’tdoingsucha

goodjob,I’haviorjustisn’tacceptable.

-”Tolethimgo”means...-...tofirehim.

Kevin:Yeah,IunderstandandI’an’tstandworkingwithhim.

Boss:I’uldyoudoifyouwereme?Doyouhaveanysuggestions?

Kevin:Tobehonest,ifIwereyou,Iwouldn’obhasbeen

withthecompanylongerthanIhave,buthe’uarenotaroundhejustboliespeople.

Peopleareafraidofhim.

Boss:OK,I’’:

OK,I’lltrytohandlethingsdifferentlynexttime.

-He’ll“lookintoit”abitmoremeans...-...he’sgoingtogetmoreinformation.

KevinthinksBobdoesn’tcooperateandisdifficulttoworkwith.

Unit2

1/4

Listening

ThePsychologyofLove1

r,ic

ebeautiful,wonderfulandheart-breaking,

iclovecanmakeourlivesfullandmeaningful,butitcanalsobean

escapefromlonelinessandsuffering.

-Besidesromanticlove,anotherkindoflove...-...isbetweenparentsandchildern.

Ifromanticlovehasapurpo,r,throughouthistory,

ekphilosopher,Plato,

relatesacomicstoryinwhichhumansoriginallyhadfourarms,fourlegs,,whentheyangered

theGods,heneverypersonhasbeenarchingfortheirsoulmate,theotherhalfofhis

orherlf.

iew,peoplefallinlovebecautheybelievetheother

act,have

children,wearerightbacktowherewewere,urethisisasuccess,becau

oplesay

lovecanbeadiindsoflove

16

thingisanillusion,itisn’twhatitemstobe.

-Ifsomrthingisanillusion...-...itisn’twhatitemstobe.

Somepeoplesaylovecanbeadisguiforourxualdesiresorabiologicaltricktomakeushavechildren.

InBuddhism,esiresareadefect,something

eeofdesireswecan

ateofbeingiscalledNiwana.

Otherkindsofloveincludethelovebetweenaparentandchild.

ThePsychologyofLove2

InoneoftheChina’sgreatestclassicalnovels,DreamoftheRedChamber,loveisprentasastateof

sults

confluentemotionsofloveinhead,him,est

tellshimtolookintothereversideofthemirror,butnevertolookinthefrontside.

Whentheyoungmanlooksintothemirror,hedoesn’tlikewhathees,sohelooksintotheforbiddenside,the

eesalovelyimageofhislove,whoinviteshimtoenterthemirror,

thisveraltimes,sthe

pointofthestoryisthatallsuchattachmentsshouldbeavoided.

Heisdraggedawayinchainsanddieswhilelookingintothemirror.

Heentersthemirrortobewithhisloveandsatisfyhisdesires.

Thewaytofreeourlvesfromsufferingistoremovedesires.

AfamousFrancewriter,,loveisthedesiretointegratewith

another,r,itisimportantthatloveisnotbecomingtoodependentontheother

shouldsupport

way,romanticlovecanenrichthe

world.

u

daretofindout?

Then,whentheyangeredtheGods,theywerecutinhalf.

Vocabulary

DescribingSituations

Forbiddenorprohibited,tobeagainsttherulesornotallowed.

Smokingisprohibitedonmanyairplanes.

Athletesareforbiddenfromtakingcertainkindsofdrugs.

Ifsomethingisallowed,itisn’tforbiddenorprohibited.

Accesstothatpartofthefactoryisprohibitedforcurityreasons.

17

Touristsareforbiddenfromtakingpicturesinsidethemuum.

Theywereforbiddenfromgoingtothatwebsitebecauofitscontent.

Weaponsofanykindareprohibitedinsidethestadium.

Accesstothatpartofthefactoryisprohibitedforcurityreasons.

Herparentsdidn’tlikehim,soshewasforbiddentoehimeveragain.

Somepartsofthefactoryareforbiddentovisitorsunlesstheyhavespecialpermission.

Risky,tobeabitdangerousorunsafe.

Ariskyinvestmentmaynotbeagoodideaforpeoplewhoworrytoomuch.

Ifyoumakeariskyinvestment,youmayloalotofmoney.

Whatlevelofriskareyouwillingtotake?

Meetingsomeoneontheinternetcanbeveryrisky,sobecareful.

Investinginthatcompanyisveryriskybecauithasmanystrongcompetitors.

Startinganewcompanycanbeveryriskybecaumostnewcompaniesfailwithin5years.

Ridiculous,tobefoolishornotmakeanyn.

Theirproposalisridiculous,becauitrequirestoomuchtimeandmoney.

Withoutenoughqualitypractice,it’sridiculoustoexpectmuchprogress.

Atfirst,wethoughhisproposalwasridiculous,butthenwerealizedthatitmaden.

Heislazyandthequalityofhisworkispoor,soit’sridiculousforhimtoexceptabonus.

It’sridiculousforustoexceptgreatresultsfromsuchapoorlydesignedproduct.

Innovative,tocomeupwithanewideaorwayofdoingthings.

Innovativepeopleareusuallycleverandcreative.

Toinnovatemeanstocomeupwithanewwayofdoingsomething.

Innovateofthinkingcanleadtothedevelopmentofnewproductsandrvices.

Agreeingtoherinnovativeideaswasdifficultatfirst,butitturnedouttobetherightdecision.

Sheleftthecompanybecaushedidn’tthinkitwasinnovativeenough.

Heisn’tinnovativebecauheresistschangeandalwayswantstodothingsthesameway.

Hisinnovativeproposalsmadeveraloftheengineersveryuncomfortable,buttheyfinallyagreed.

Iftheywanttobeinnovative,theyshouldchangethewaytheyhavebeendoingthings.

Conrvative,tobeconrvativeistoavoidtakingrisks.

Conrvativeinvestorstrytomakesafeinvestments.

Aconrvativeinvestorwantstominimizerisks.

Aconrvativeapproachtomanagementmaydiscourageinnovation.

Shewantstoescapefromherparentsbecautheyaretooconrvative.

Herparentsareveryconrvative,sotheydon’tapproveofherwearingsomuchmakeup.

Aconrvativeapproachtomanagementmaydiscourageinnovation.

Ifyoudon’twanttotakearisk,youshouldtakeaconrvativeapproachtoinvesting.

InteractingwithOthers

Todisgui,tochangesomething’sappearancesothatitcan’tberecognize.

Hewasn’tgoodatdisguisinghimlf,soweknewwhohewasrightaway.

Sheworeadisgui,soIwasn’tsurewhoshewas.

Hefooledeveryoneintobelievinginhisplan,butitwasalladisgui.

18

Shedisguidhertrueintentionssonobodyknewwhatshewasplanningtodo.

Shedidn’twantanyonetorecognizeher,sosheworeadisgui.

Idon’ttrusthimbecauheissogoodatdisguisinghisrealplan.

Toclarify,toexplainormakesomethingclear.

Weweren’tsurewhathemeantuntilheclarifiedhisideas.

Everyonewasconfuduntilsheclarifiedwhatshemeant.

Therearestillmanydetailsthatneedtobeclarified.

Wecan’tagreetoyourproposalunlessyouclarifyafewpoints.

Hisattempttoclarifythingsonlyaddedtoconfusion.

Toconfu,tomakethingsdifficulttounderstand,theoppositeoftoclarify.

Everyonewasconfudbecauherprentationwassodisorganized.

Heconfuspeoplebecauhekeepschanginghisideas.

Theinstructionswereconfusing,sonobodyknewwhattodo.

Hercommentsduringthemeetingweren’tveryconstructivebecautheyweresoconfusing.

Aftertheexplosion,peoplewereconfudandunsureaboutwheretogo.

Agoodleadercanmakedecisionvenwhenthesituationisconfusing.

Hewasconfudaboutwhathewassuppodtodo,sowedidn’tdoaverygoodjpb.

Toignore,totrynottonoticeordealwithsomething,toactassomethingisn’tthere.

Wetrytoignoreher,butshefinallystoodupandtoldeveryonetoshutup.

Peopledon’trespectorlikeher,sotheyignoreherintheoffice.

Weareignorantbecauweareignoringthefacts.

Wecannolongerignorethefactthatourcompanyneedstobereorganized.

Wecan’tignorethefactthatwearelosingmoney.

Heisanignorantoldfool,soweshouldjustignorehim.

Toconfirm,toindicatethatsomethingiscorrectorcompletedaxpected.

Weweren’tsureifhewasgoingtoacceptouroffer,untilhecalledandconfirmedit.

Wecan’tstarttheprojectwithoutreadingconfirmationthatweagreeonthedetails.

Canyouconfirmthatthepaymenthasbeenreceived?

Hedeniedthathewasatthemeeting,butwehaveconfirmedthathewasthere.

Hedeniedbeingthere,butwehavewitnesswhocanconfirmthathewasthere.

Wewon’tsignthecontractuntilwereceiveconfirmationthattheyhavemadethefirstpayment.

Pleaconfirmordenythatyouwereatthemeeting.

Wecan’taffordtomakeamistake,soweneedtoconfirmthefacts.

Dialogue

TheTeenageYears

M1:What’ssofunny?Whatareyouwritingabout?

M2:I’mwritingaboutsomethingIsawearlierthismorning.

M1:Really?Doyoukeepitajournal?

M2:Yes,eekendIwriteaboutthingsthathappenedduringtheweek.

19

M1:Howlonghaveyoubeendoingit?

M2:Ihavebeendoingitfairlyregularlysincehighschool.

M1:Areyougoingtoturnitintoabook?

M2:Idon’willsomeday,butfornowit’sjustforme.

-Toturnsomethingintosomethingelmeans...-...totransformorreworkit,fromonethingintoanother.

M1:So,whatwassointerestingaboutwhatyousawthismorning?

M2:n’thelpwatchingthem

andtryingtohearsomeoftheirconversation.

M1:Thatmusthavebeeninteresting.

M2:Yes,eIwatchedthem,themoreIrealizedhowgladIamthatIdon’thavetogothroughthat

digitsoflifeagain.

M1:Soitbroughtbackmemories,isn’tit?

M2:Yes,oclearhowuncomfortablesomeofthemwere,yet,theywerepretendingtohaveagood

t,that’showwhatemedtome.

M1:Whydoyouthinktheywerepretending?

M2:edunnaturalandoverdone,asiftheywerebadactors.

M2:Acoupleoftheboyswerereallyawkwordaroundthegirlsandtwoofthegirlswerewearingtoomuch

stopmylffromlaughing.

M1:Yes,tyoumentionit,

itwasn’tagreattime,thoughIhadsomefuntoo.

M2:Iguessitwasn’tsobadatthetime,exceptwhenIwaspreparingformyuniversityentranceexaminations.

M1:Yes,ntsputtonsofpressureonme,soIthoughtIwasgoingtogocrazy.

Itemedtohimthatsomeofthemweren’treallyhavingagoodtime.

Agroupofteenagerscameintothecoffeeshopwherehewassitting.

M1:Whataboutgirls?Didyouhaveanygirlfriends?

M2:TherewasonegirlIhadcrushon,’tfindoutuntil

lostopportunity,oneofmany.

M1:Really,eagreatimagination.

M2:Tobehonest,it’smucheasiertoimagethingsthanactuallydothings.

M1:Youcansaythatagain.

Thiskindofjournalsisacollectionofobrvationsratherthanpersonalexperiences.

Agroupofteenagerscameintothecoffeeshopwherehewassitting.

2/4

Listening

20

LightandColor

Poplethoughtthatlight

,lightwasprojectedfromoureyestoilluminatethings

nowthatwhatweeismostlyreflectedlight,likethelightfromthemoonwhichis

omesfromalightsourcesuchasthesunandeitherentersoureyesdirectlyorafterit

hasreflectedoffsomething.

Lightcomesfromalightsourceandeitherentersoureyesdirectlyorindirectly,afterreflectingoffsomething.

Lightntersoureyesdirectlyorafterithasreflectedoffsomethinglikeatreeorflower.

-Toilluminatesomethingmeans...-Tomakeitvisible.

In1666SirIsaacNewtonshowedthatwhenlightpasdthroughaprism,itparatedintoalltheothercolors.

ferencebetweencolorsisdueto

parates

angleatwhichacolorbendsinaprismdependsonitswavelength.

Coloplainswhyredlight

isiblecolors,violetlighthas

theshortestwavelength,soitbendsthemost.

Eachcolorisasinglewavelengthoflight.

Aprismparateslightintoitscomponentcolors.

Besidesthesun,anyobjectsthatproducesitsownlightsisadirectlightsource.

Ifyouhaveevermpleifyou

rthethreeprimarycolors,red,blueandyellow,cannotbemadeby

’tpossibletomixanycombinationofcolorstocreatered,two

primarycolorscreatesacondarycolor,suchaspurple,three

primarycolorscreatesatertiarycolor,suchasbrownorgrey.

Theprimarycolorscannotbecreatedbymixingothercolors.

Color’sEffect

Coloveapowerfuleffecton

sknowthisandsodobusinesspeoplewhowanttoinfluencehowpeoplefeel

mplerearchhasshownthatpeoplecanbemoreproductiveif

orpurpleisoftenlinkedtowealthorroyaltyandisenasamysterious

colorcan

influencehowwefeelandact,oreit’simportant

nottobelieveeverythingyouhearabouttheeffectsofcolor.

-Iftwothingsareassociatedwitheachother,they...-...areconnectedinsomeway.

Differentcolorscanbecombinedtoformothercolors.

Theprimarycolorscannotbecreatedbymixingothercolors.

Purpleismadebymixingblueandred.

21

Thoughtherearedifferencesbetweencultures,orred,for

example,aredisassociatedwith

fire,therhand,oneexperimentshowedthatexposingstudentstoredbefore

,ofallthecolors,rearchshowsthatredhasthemostpowerful

effectonhumanbehavior.

Certainly,it’sinterestingandia

betterunderstandingoftheeffects,morerearchisneeded.

Toe,lightwasprojectedfromoureyestoilluminatethingsaswelookatthem.

Purpleismadebymixingblueandred.

Mixingtwoprimarycolorscreatsacondarycolor.

Vocabulary

VerbsforBusiness1

Topromote,tomovesomeoneupinanorganization,usuallybecaushehasdoneagoodjob.

Wearegoingtopromotehertomanager.

Ifwedon’tpromotehim,he’llprobablybeupt.

Theoppositeofpromoteisdemote.

Weshouldn’tpromoteanyoneunlesstheyreallyderveit,whichmeanstheyhavetoprovethemlves.

Idon’tthinkshedervesapromotionyet,butherbossisinsistingthatwegiveittoher.

Itlookslikewepromotedhimtoosoon,becauhecan’tdothejob.

Totransfer,tomovesomeoneorsomethingfromoneplacetoanother.

ThecompanyisgoingtotransferhimtoShanghainextmonth.

Shedoesn’twanttobetransferredbecauherhusbandisagainstmovingtoanothercity.

Shewon’tagreetobetransferredunlesswegiveherapromotionandasalaryincrea.

Transferringhimoutofsaleswasamistake,soweneedtofindanotherpositionforhim.

Hewantstotransferredbacktoengineeringbecauhehatespaperwork.

Tomotivate,togetsomeoneinterestedandexcitedaboutdoingsomething.

She’sreallygoodatmotivatingheremployees.

Onewaytomotivatesomeoneistoencouragethembygivingconstructivefeedback.

Whenhedidn’tgethisbonushewasreallydemotivated,sothequalityofhisworkwentdown.

Theyaren’tworkinghardenoughbecautheyaren’tbeingmotivated.

He’snofool,sogivinghimanawardwithoutanincreainsalarywon’tmotivatehim.

Weneedtomotivatepeoplemoreandnotdemotivatethembyreducingbenefits.

Topostpone,todelayorputoffsomethinguntilalaterdate.

Wehavetopostponetheprentationbecaushewasn’treadytogiveit.

Wecan’tcontinuetopostponethemeetingorthey’llcancelitcompletely.

Theyareaskingtopostponemakingtheirfirstpayment,sowemaydecidetocancelthecontract.

Wehavenochoicebuttopostponethetest,becautheweatherconditionsaren’tright.

22

Toevade,toescapeoravoidsomething.

They’retryingtoevadetakingresponsibilityfortheirfailure.

Hewasarrestedfortax-evasion.

Theydesignedtheairplanetoevadedetectionbyveda.

Theycan’tevadepayingtheimporttaxortheywilllotheirlicentodobusinessinthatcountry.

Thehackersbrokeintothecomputerandevadeddetectionuntilitwastoolatetocatchthem.

VerbsforBusiness2

Toassign,togivesomeoneatasktodo.

Hisbossassignedhimtoincreasalesby50%.

Hercompanyassignshertofindoutmoreaboutcompetition.

Herbossassignshertodotoomanythingsatthesametime,soshe’sfrustrated.

It’sverydangerous,soIwon’tassignthisprojecttoyouunlessyouarewillingtotakearisk.

Topenalize,tofindorpunishsomeonefordoingsomethingwrong.

Theywerepenalizedforbreakingtherules.

Youwillbepenalizedifyouarelate.

Weknewwewouldbepenalized,butthepenaltywasunfair,sowedroppedoutofthecompetition.

Shewaspenalizedfornotsubmittingherapplicationontime,soshehadtopayanextrafee.

Tolayoff,tofireorsicelworkerbecaubusinessisbad.

Thecompanywasfailing,sohewaslaidoff.

Ourcompanyhadtolayoff50%ofouremployees.

Acompanymayhavetolayoffworkerswhenbusinessisbad.

Helosthisjobbecauhiscompanyhadtolayoffmostofitmployees.

Shewaslaidoff,notfired,soitshouldbeeasierforhertofindanewjob.

Torecruit,tolookfornewemployeestohire.

Theyareexpandingtheirbusinessandrecruitingnewemployees.

Shejoinedthecompanyaftershewasrecruitedatajobfair.

Itisn’teasyforasmallcompanytorecruitexperiencedmanagers.

Helefthisjobbecauhewasrecruitedbyanothercompanyandofferedamuchhighersalary.

Toresign,tovolenterilyquitone’sjob.

Hisbossdidn’tlikehimsohewasaskedtoresign.

Sheresignedfromherjobbecauofhealthreasons.

Shehasdecidedtoresignbecaushewantstospendmoretimewithherfamily.

Hedidn’twanttobetransferredsohedecidedtoresignandworkforacompetitor.

Hewantedtoresign,butheneededtostayonforanotheryeartocompletetheproject.

Dialogue

ThoughtsinLove

M:Wow,youlookdifferenttoday.

W:Youmeanmorebeautiful?

23

M:What’syourthoughtthemakeup?

W:’tyoulikeit?

M:Doyouwantmetobehonest?

W:Ofcour,soold-fashioned.

M:Ijustthinkyoudon’pstickislikeafireengine.

W:kelookingdifferentoncenowhile.

Hethinksshedoesn’tneedsomuchmakeuptolookbeautifulandattractive.

Shefeltlikedressinguptoday,sosheputonmoremakeupthansheusuallywears.

She’swearingmoremakeupthanusual.

She’swearingmoremakrupthanisual,especiallywiththebrightredlipstick.

M:I’mgladI’retoomanythingstodealwith.

W:Yes,youwouldn’ayswearthesameoldclothes,it’sboring.

M:Maybeit’sboring,butit’scomfortable.

W:You’llneverfindanewgirlfriendifyoudon’tchange.

M:I’mnotinterestedinwomenanymore,youknowthat,there’snothingbuttrouble.

W:AmItrouble?

M:’realwaysdoingsomethingnewandIwouldratherjustrelax.

W:dtobemoreexciting.

M:Andthenwhat?Findmysoulmate?

W:Really,yousoundsocynical!Don’tyoubelieveinlove?

M:Sure,inthemoviesmaybe.

M:rlastandwhenitstartsisdifficulttobreakon.

W:’dtobemorepractical.M:I

thoughtyouweretheromanticone.

W:Ihavearomanticside,yes,butI’asgottobegoodlooking,well-dresdandhopefully

rich.

M:Hahah!Thenthatletsmeout.

W:Yes,you’vegotalottolearn.

Hethinksloveisanillusionanddoesn’tlastforverylong.

W:Nowwherearewegoingfordinner?Somewhereexpensive?

M:OK,you’veconvincedmethatyourmakeupisn’inkit’syourturntopay.

W:That’swhatyouthink.

Hecaresalotaboutfashion.

They’llsplitthebill.

Theirpersonalitiesarequitedifferent,almostcompleteopposites.

3/4

24

Listening

IntroducingtheIceman

Oneofthemoscallhim

ywasdiscoveredin1991bytwo

erpartofhisbodywasstillfrozeninice,but

ebodywaxtractedfromtheice,itwastakeninfor

amination,scientistsdeterminedthattheIcemanlivedaround5300(53hundred)yearsago.

ThiswasattheendoftheStoneAge,de

himtheoldestmummyeverfound.

Iceman’believedthatthebodywasoneofthemany

been

tsgoodcondition,studyingitwaslikeopeningawindowin

istscouldlearnalotabouthowpeoplelived5000yearsago.

TheIcemanlivedattheendoftheStoneAge,gwasstillamajor

sourceoffood,wasttlingdownandforming(permanent)

ult,sometimesthey

lagewheretheIcemanlivedwasprobablynotfarfrom

itieswereclaimingterritoryandfightingto

ngoodconditionbecauithadbeenperveredbytheice.

①TheIcemanlivedattheendoftheStoneAge,atimeofgreatchangeinhumanhistory.②Peoplewere

beginningtofarmandformpermanentcommunities.③Thecommunitieswereclaimingterritoryandttingup

boundaries.④Asaresult,sometimestheyhadtofighttodefendtheirterritoryfromoutsiders.

Huntingwasstillamajorsourceoffood,butpeoplewerebeginningtofarm.

Communitieswereclaimingterritoryandfightingtodefenditfromoutsiders.

Peoplewerebeginningtofarmandformpermanentcommunities.

DeathoftheIceman

1.6meterstallandweighedabout50kilogramswhenhe

ncludedsomeweapons,includingaboneand

arrow,tillwearingoneofhisshoesandhehadabackpackwithawoodenframe.

rexaminationofthebodyshowed

thathewaswellfeed,withadietofmeat,,hehadeatenveralmealswithinthefewer

ltheevidences,shewashuntingforfoodwhenhe

wascaughtinasuddenstorm.

Forveralyearsafterthediscoveryofthebody,ris

unpredictableintheareawherehewasfound,r,10

yearsafterhisbodywasfound,2001,examinersx-rayedthe

bodyandfoundanarrowheaddeepintheIceman’ranalysisrevealedthattheIcemanhadbeen

y,itwasacaof

25

murder,theoldestcaofmurdereverdiscovered.

Peoplewerebeginningtofarm,sotheyneededtottleinoneplace.

Perhapshewaskilledinabattlewithoutsiders.

Perhapshewashuntingforfoodwhenhewascaughtinasuddenstorm.

Vocabulary

RegulationsinCompany

Tosue,totakesomeonetocalledinalegaldisagreement.

Theybrokeourcontractanddidn’tpay,sowesuedthemandwon.

Shesuedheremployerforfiringherbutshelostbecautheyhadtherighttofireher.

Whensheleftherjobshesuedheremployerfornotkeepingitspromitopayherabonus.

Wecouldn’tagreetoherplantoavoidpayingtaxes,whichwasillegal,soshethreatenedtosueus.

Torestrict,toputlimitsonsomething.

Thisisarestrictedarea,sostayaway.

Weneedtorestrictthemfromtalkingtoanyoneaboutourproject.

Wehaveunlimitedaccesstotheirrearchandtherearenorestrictionsonhowweutheinformation.

Ifsomethingisconfidential,youshuoldrestrictacesstoit.

Wecan’ttrusthim,sowewillhavetorestricthisactivitiesuntilweknowhimbetter.

Tonegotiate,todealwithabargenwithotherstoreachanagreement.

Insteadofstartingawar,weshouldnegotiateandfindawaytocompromi.

Wearetryingtonegotiateabetterdeal,butitisn’teasy.

Thepriceistoohigh,butifwenegotiatewemaybeabletogetadiscount.

Heneverwantstonegotiate,sohehaslostveralimportantcustomer.

Responsiblefororresponsibleto,toberesponsibleforsomethingmeanstohavethejobofgettingitdoneor

takingcareof.

Ifyouareresponsibletosomeone,itmeansthatyouareworkingundertheircontrol.

HeisresponsibletotheCEO,sohecan’tsignthecontractwithoutherfinalapproval.

Weneedtoreportthistoourbossbecauweareresponsibletoherandbecaushewilljudgeour

performance.

Wehavemanyresponsibilities,butsheistheoneresponsibleforproductdevelopment.

Sheisthepersonresponsibleforimprovingsaleslastyears,soweshouldgiveherapromotion.

Overeorsupervi,tocontroladirectprocessofproject.

Oneofhisresponsibilitieswastosupervirescueoperationsandkeepthingsundercontrol.

Asproductmanager,sheoverestheworkofveraldepartments.

Theirnewprojectisbehindschedulebecaunobodyovereshowthedepartmentworktogether.

Whenwegottotheaccident,everyonewasconfudbecautherewasnobodytheretosupervi.

BusinessTerms

Tomerge,tocombineorcometogether.

26

Thotwocompaniesudtobecompetitors,butnowtheyhavemergedintoonecompany.

Whenthetwocompaniesmerged,manypeoplewerelaidoff.

Theyplantomergewithamuchlargercompany,sotheywillloheridentity.

Whentwocompaniesmergethereareoftenmanyproblems,includinglayoffs.

Whentwocompaniescombineintoone,it’scalledamerger.

Toacquire,tobuyortakeposssion.

Somebigcompaniesgrowbyacquiringothercompanies.

Onewaytoprotectyourbusinessistoacquireyourcompetitors.

Onewaytoacquirenewtechnologyistohireinnovativepeoplefromothercompanies.

Thebestwaytoacquireanewskillistofindagreatteacherorprogramandpracticeeveryday.

Weneedtoaccquirenewtechnologyassoonaspossiblebecauweareout-of-date.

Anagenda,aplanoralistofitemstobediscusdatameeting.

Theagendaforthemeetingisstillunclear.

Whatarethemainpointsontheagendaforthemeeting?

Therearetoomanyitemsontheagenda,soweneedtocutitdownandfocusonfewerthings.

Hemayhaveahiddenagendathathideshisrealplans,solet’sbecarefulwhatwesayatthemeeting.

Wedon’tknowwhat’sonhisagenda,soweneedtobecarefulwhatwesay.

Acontract,awrittendocumentthatdefinestherulesinarelationship.

Acontractisn’tusuallyufuluntilthingsbegintogobadlyinarelationship.

Accordingtoourcontract,theirfirstpaymentisduenextweek.

Thecontractwastoomuchintheirfavor,sowedidn’tsignit.

Ittookalongtimetoagreeonacontractbecautheirlawyerskeptfindingissusthatkeptusapart.

Astsandliabilities,astsarewhatyouown,andliabilitiesarewhatyouowe.

Knowingtheastsandliabilitiesofacompanyhelpstodeterminethecompany’svalue.

Thecompanyhadmoreliabilitiesthanasts,sowedecidednottoinvest.

Theirastswererapidlyincreasinginvalueeachyear,sowedecidedtoinvest.

Theyhavetopayahugetaxpenalty,sotheyhavelostvalueduttotheincreaintheirliabilties.

Dialogue

QuittingaJob

Boss:Goodmorning,sityouwantedtoemeabout?

Lisa:foreingmeonsuchshortnotice,Iknowit’sabusytimeforyou.

Boss:That’ethatyou’thingwrong?

Lisa:Yes,actually,’itshort,I’vedecidedtoleavethe

company.

Shehasbeenthinkingaboutitalot.

Boss:You’regoingtoleave?

Lisa:Yes,Ithinkit’sbest.I‘mreallynothappyhereanymore.

27

Boss:Oh,I’ufoundanotherjob?

Lisa:No,itisn’andandIhavejustdecidedthatIreallydon’tneedtowork.

Shehasdecidedtoquitbecaushe’snothappyworkingthere.

Boss:Well,I’’veonlybeenherefor

n’tverylong,anditwouldn’thelpyourresumeifyoudecidetolookforajobinthefuture.

Lisa:Yes,thatmaybetrue,notbeawareofit,butIhavereal

problemswithmysupervisor,Bill.

Shehassomeriousproblemsworkingwithhersupervisor.

Billishersupervisor,sohesupervisherwork.

She’sbeenworkingthereforaboutayear.

Boss:Oh,whatkindofproblems?

Lisa:Hetakesonp’sjusttoomuch.

’mjusttoonsitive.

Boss:Yes,,thereare

peoplelikethatineveryorganization.

Boss:Iknowit’sdifficultbutyouneedtolearnhowtodealwithpeoplelikehim.

Lisa:Well,Idon’’’teasyformethattalktohim.

Boss:Listen,egreatpotentialandIdon’lreadyhadajoboffer,Iwouldn’t

ceyoudon’t,Ireallywantyoutostay.

Lisa:salot.

-Tostandinthewayofsomethingmeans...-...totrytostopit.

Boss:So,willyoupleareconsideryourdecision?

Lisa:Yes,I’lltalktomyhusband.

Boss:AsforBill,partofyourlearningexperience.

Lisa:Thanks,’reagreatsalesperson.I’mfeelingbetteralready.

Boss:You’rewelcome,giveitatleastanotheryear.

ShehadsoldLisaontheideaofstayingforanotheryear.

-WhydoesLIsathinksherbossisagreatsalesperson?-Shehasconvincedheroftheimportanceofstaying

insteadofquitting.

4/4

Listening

World’sOldestMurder1

Whenthebodyoftheicemanwasdiscovered,irstbelieved

28

r,withthediscoveryofanarrowheadinhis

body,isshowedthatthearrowhadenteredhisbodyandcut

elossofblood,

hecouldn'thavesurvivedforverylongafterbeingshot.

CTscan,scientistsfound

hewashitontheheadorhe

obablyhappenedwhenhewasinaweakenedconditionafterbeingshot

bythearrow.

Addeenpulledoutwithforce

reinterestingwaswhatwasleftbehind,hnology

ult,scientistsbelieveitwasasignofgreatwealth

raisthequestionofwhy

thekillerdidn'ttakeitwithhim.

ScientistsfoundbloodinhisbrainbyusingaCTscan.

Bloodinthebrainindicatesthathewashitontheheadwhilestillalive.

World’sOldestMurder2

IftheIcemanwasimportant,dingtheoryabouthisdeathis

enttimes,totakepower,stheIcemanwas

,to

protecthisidentity,thecopperaxbehindsothathecould't

ingtothistheory,ore,the

murdererwasprobablysomoneheknew.

iscommutitywaslocatedalong

manmayhavebeenanmilitaryleaderfightingto

ingtothistheory,

hewasfleeingfromthebattleandwascaughtfrombehindinanisolatedarea.

However,fromananalysisofhisstomach,asahalf-pound

oodonlyremainsinthestomachforaboutanhour,hemusthave

ewhoisinahurrywouldnevertakethetimetostopandeat

ewaskilledbyoutsiders,whydidn'ttheytakethecopperax?Sothequestionremains

aboutwhathappenedonthatfinaldayofhislife?Thetruthisthatnobodywilleverknowwhatreally

man'smurderwillremainamysteryforever.

Vocabulary

Interactions

Tointerfere,toslowsomethingdownormakeworbygettingintheway.

Havingtoomanymeetingsisinterferingwithourwork.

Itoldhertoleaveusaloneandnottointerfereinourproblems.

29

Shetoldmenottointerfere,soIlefttheroomandleftthemdealwiththeproblem.

Toreflect,tothinkaboutorconsidersomething,ortothrowbackimage,asfromamirror.

BeforeImakethedecision,I’dlikesometimetoreflect.

Whenyoulookintoamirror,yourimageisreflectedbacktoyou.

Afterfinishingtheproject,helookedbackandreflectedonwhatmighthavebeendonetomakeitbetter.

Uponfurtherreflection,I’vedecidedtopostponetheproject.

Toinfluence,tohaveaneffectonsomething.

Ithinkshecanhelpusinfluencetheothers.

Idon’tthinkwecaninfluencethefinalresult.

Theydon’tcarewhatwethink,soitwillbedifficulttoinfluencetheirdecision.

Withhispowerfulsupport,maybewecaninfluencetheirdecisiontopostponetheproject.

Wecan’tinfluencetheresult,sowedon’tneedtoworryaboutit.

Tofocus,tobringattentiontosomethingandmakeitclear.

Ifwedon’tfocusonsomething,wewon’tgetanythingdone.

Wearen’tsurewhattofocuson,soeveryoneisconfud.

Hefocudontoomanydetailsanddidn’tetheoverallshape,sotheproductwasafailure.

Theproblemwiththatcompanyisthattheydon’tfocunoughonimprovingquality.

Toexaggerate,todescribesomethingaslarger,ormoreimportantthanitreallyis.

It’sdifficulttobelievewhathesaysbecauhealwayxaggerates.

Shesaidshecouldllanything,butofcourthatwasanexaggeration.

Inmyopinion,it’sbettertoexaggerateyourskillsabitinaninterviewratherthanbetoomodest.

FeaturesofInformation

Tobepersuasive,abletocaupeopletodosomethingbyaskingorgivingreasons.

Sheisgoodatllingthingsbecausheisverypersuasive.

Youcanbemorepersuasiveifyouhavefactstosupportyou.

Theycan’tbepersuadedtochangetheirminds,solet’snotwastetimewiththem.

Heisn’tverypersuasivebecaupeopledon’ttrusthim.

Theirdemonstrationwasboringanddisorganized,soitfailedtopersuadeanyone.

Tobeconvincing,toprovidepowerfulsupportforabelieveandtoovercomedauts.

Theevidencethathewasmurderedwasconvincing.

Icouldn’tconvincethemthatIwastellingthetruthsotheyarrestedme.

Theyweren’tconvincedthatthedatawasuful,becauitwastoodisorganized.

Theevidenceweutopersuadethemwasveryconvincing.

Tobemisleading,toleadawayfromthetruth,togiveafalidea.

Theiradvertimentsaremisleading,sobecarefulnottobefooled.

Hetriedtomisleadmeintobuyingitbyexaggeratingthebenefits.

Iwon’tvoteforhimbecauwhathesaysismisleadingandtoogoodtobetrue.

Theclaimsmadebythatcompanymisledmeintobuyingsomethingthatdidn’twork.

30

Tobeunique,tobehighlyunusual,ordifferentfromothers.

Ilikethatdesignbecauit’suniqueandattractive.

Shehasauniquepersonalitythatsomepeopledon’tlike.

Everythingaboutherisunique,sopeoplearecurioustoknowmoreabouther.

Theytrytoohardtobeunique,buttheyshouldfocusmoreonqualityandbetterrvice.

Tobeordinary,tobejustlikeothers,notdifferentfromanyother.

Theirproductsareordinary,withnothingexpectalowpricetorecommendthem.

Thefoodatthatrestaurantwaxpensive,buttheteawasordinary.

Theysaidtheywerespecial,buttheirdesignswereordinaryandboring.

Theirisnothingordinaryabouther,soweshouldgiveherapromotion.

Dialogue

ImprovingPersonalImage

M:Didyouethebeautifulsunttonight?Itwasgoleious.

W:’’msurpridyouevennoticesuchthings.

M:Really?Whyareyousurprid?

W:You’’timageyouhaveroominyourmindfornature.

M:Really,well,Ijustdon’pointofittonoticesuchthingsasoftenasIcan.

-Shecouldn’timagine...-...thathehadroominhismindfornature.

W:dimproveyourimage.

M:Soyouthinkmyimageneedsimproving?

W:Well,itwouldn’alsoimprovethewayyou

dress,maybewithafewmorewarmcolors.

M:I’mafraidIdon’eallythinkthewaywedress

influencespeople?

W:’tyouever

noticethekindofshoessomeoneiswearing?

M:No,Ihardlynotice.

Shecouldn’timaginethathehadroominhismindtonoticethingslikesunts.

Shewassurpridthathenoticedthebeautifulsunt.

W:Wellthen,aretheshoesyouarewearingnow?

M:The?Idon’lyayearso.

W:AndIbetyou’oklikeit.

M:That’hoesarecomfortableandtheyweren’urswereexpensive.

W:Well,theyweren’it’simportanttodressright,todressfortheoccasionandmakeagood

impression.

-Tobetonsomethingmeans...-...tobefairlyconfidentaboutit.

31

M:OK,whydon’twegoshoppingtogetherthisweekend?Youcanbemyfashionadvisor.

W:What’sitforme?

M:IfIlikeyouradvice,I’’sthat?

W:OK,buttheywon’erstandthat,right?

M:Ofcour,itwillbeworthit,ifyouthinkmynewlookwillimprovemyimage.

W:asanadvisoryoucan’tgowrong.

-Inthissituation,”noguarantee”means...-...it’snotdefinite.

Hesuggeststhattheygoshoppingtogether.

Hehardlynoticesthingssuchasshoesorclothingstyles.

Sheguranteesthathisnewlookwillimprovinghisimage.

Unit3

1/4

Listening

SeekingaChange

shippingcompanybadinHong

withthepromotion,lsogivena20%raiinsalary.

r,hewantstotakeonnew

aysatAcehedoesn’

alsobeginningtoworryaboutthecompany’ksthereisahighprobabilitythatthecompanywillbe

happenshemaylohisjob.

ingtohisrearchabout40%ofjobsarefoundthrough

hemknowthathewaslooking

hisfriendsandacquaintancesareintheshippingbusiness,butsomehavemoved

checkedoutveralcompaniesontheinternetandupdatedhisresume.

-Whatdoesaresumeshouldinclude?-Itsummarizesyourexperienceandskills.

Ifthecompanyisacquiredbyanothercompany,hemaylohisjob.

PreparingforanInterview

’samedicalsupplycompanythatwantsto

veasmallofficeinHongKongandwillbeconductinginterviewsnext

nterestedinlearningmoreaboutthecompanysoherepliedtotheirmessageandsatupan

itdoesn’tworkoutitwillbealearningexperienceforhim.

Inplanneneedstobe

stoknowasmuchashecanaboutthecompany,needsto

knowhowtoprenthimlf,eenyearssincehewaslast

interviewed,mpleheneedstoable

32

toexplainwhat’sonhisresume,includinghisstrengthsandskills.

It’simprotantthatheweartheappropriateclothestotheinterview.

Inanyinterviewsituation,it’n’twanttogiveabadfirst

mple,ansheshouldstayfocudandkeep

houttheinterviewheshouldobrvetheirfacialexpressionsandmakeeye

’sgoingtobeimportanttolistencarefullytowhattheysayandkeepthingsasrelaxedaspossible.

-Duringtheinterviewheshouldobrve...-...theirexpressionsandbodylanguage.

indthattheircompanyisn’trightfor

oreterviewlike

this,n’twanttomakethewrongchoice.

Togiveagoodimpressionmeanstogetthemtofeellikethatheissomeonetheycanworkwith.

It’simportantthatheweartheappropriateclothestotheinterview.

Eveniftheywanttohirehim,thejobmaynotbewhatheislookingfor.

Throughouttheinterviewheshouldobrvetheirexpressionstoehowtheyareresponding.

Vocabulary

Attitudes

Relaxed,tobecalmandatpeace,notanxiousorten.

Shewastryingtorelax,butthenshegotacallfromherboss.

Hehasn’trelaxedforalongtime,sohe’xhaustedanddifficulttobearound.

Itudtobethatpeoplecouldrelaxathome,butnowtheyarestillworking,eveninbed.

Ifshedoesn’tfindtimetorelaxshe’sgoingtodamageherhealth.

Arrogant,tohaveanexaggerationofnofone’simportanceorabilities,theoppositeofmodest.

Iwasn’timpresdbyherarrogantattitude.

Sometimestherichandpowerfulcanbeveryarrogantandgreedy.

Everyonewashappytoehimmakeafoolofhimlfbecauhe’susuallysoarrogant.

Prejudiced,tohavenegativefeelingtowardssomethingwithoutgoodreasonorexprience.

Shehasaprejudiceagainstpeoplewhocomefromthecountryside.

Asacompany,wedon’tallowprejudiceofanykind,includingraceorreligiousdifferences.

Hedislikesher,sohisopinionsaboutthequalityofherworkareprejudicedagainsther.

Wecan’ttrusttheirrearchbecautheirdataisobviouslyprejudicedintheirfavor.

Ithinkhehasaprejudiceagainststrongwomen,soherefustoworkforawomanmanager.

Neutral,tobewithoutprejudicedandnottakesides.

Weexpectthejudgeoftrialtobeneutralandallowbothsidestoprenttheevidencetothejerry.

Therefereesofthematchneedtobeneutral,sothatthegameisfair.

Thetalksbetweenthetwocountriesarebeingheldinaneutrallocation.

33

Idon’twanttogetinvolvedintheargumentandwouldprefertoremainneutral.

Itisn’teasytostayneutralbecaumybosswantsmetorejectthenewpolicy.

Properorappropriate,thewayitsuppostobe.

Thatkindoflanguageisn’tappropriateinthissituation,becauitdoesn’tshowrespect.

Whenhecametotheinterview,hewasn’tdresdproperly,sohemadeabadimpression.

Hedidn’trealizethatthatkindoflanguagewasn’tappropriateandmadehimlookfoolish.

Iexpectyoutoactappropriatelyandwhateveryoudo,don’tdrinktoomuch!

AnalysisWords

Acquaintance,somebodyknownormetbefore.

I’mcontractingveralofmyacquaintancestoeiftheyknowanyofthejobopportunities.

Idon’tknowhimwellbutheisanacquaintanceofminefromalongtimeago.

Hesaysheisanacquaintanceofyours,soI’dlikeyoutotellmeifyouknowhim.

Hesayshe’sanacquaintanceofmine,butIdon’trememberhim.

Appearance,howsomethinglooks,whatsomethinglookslike.

Hecouldimprovehisappearancebybuyingsomenewclothes.

Hedoesn’tcareabouthisappearancesohedoesn’tmakeagoodimpression.

Theirmanagerthinksappearanceisimportantsohewantveryonetodressappropriately.

Wecouldtellfromhisappearancethathewasn’tfeelingwell.

Conquence,anoutcomeorresult.

Manyformsoflifewillbecomeextinctasaconquenceofglobalwarming.

Oneconquenceofhisdrinkinghasbeenthepoorqualityofhiswork.

Weareallsufferingfromtheconquencesofhisrecklessinvestments.

I’mnotsureheunderstandstheconquencesofhisarrogantattitude.

Hewillhavetodealwiththeconquencesofhisrudebehavior.

Factor,somethingthataffectsorinfluencestheendofresult.

Onefactorthatneedtobeconsideredishisarrogantpersonality.

Herhealthisonefactorwecan’taffordtoignore.

Herbeautywasn’tafactorinhisdecisiontohireher,orwasit?

Animportantfactorintheirdecisionnottoinvestwasthelackofgoodleadership.

Exception,tobeuniqueortreatitdifferently.

Everyonehastobeintheofficebefore9:00withexceptionofthesalesdepartment.

I’msorrybutIcan’tmakeanexceptionandallowyoutobringyourdogtotheoffice.

Withoutexception,I’dliketocongratulateeveryonefortheiroutstandingwork.

Therewillbenoexceptionstotherulethatallemployeesmusttreateachotherwithrespect.

Withoutexception,Iexpecteveryonetoworkthroughtheweekend.

Dialogue

GettingintoCollege

34

W:Guesswhat?I’vegotsomenews.

M:Oh,youmeanaboutJack?

W:Yes,haveyouheard?

M:Yes,Elizamessagedmeafewminutesago.

W:Isn’titwonderful?He’sbeenacceptedtoStanford.

Shewaxcitedwhenshegotthenews.

M:Really?That’snotwhatIheard.

W:Oh?Whathaveyouheard?

M:Iheardhedidn’tgetin.

W:Soitwasjustarumor.

M:Ifthatwasyouheard,itisn’lywantedtogetin,butfromIheard,he’sjustonthewaitinglist.

Therumorthathewasacceptedwasn’ustarumorthathewasaccepted.

W:Oh,thenthere’sstillachancethathe’llgetin.

M:nifhegetsin,howishegoingtopayforit?It’sveryexpensive,andhisfamilyisn’twealthy.

W:Well,hecanalwaysgetastudentloan,ormaybehe’llgetascholarship.

Onewaytopaywouldbetogetastudentloanandworkpart-time.

Evenifhegetsinhestillneedstofindawaytopaythetuitionandothercosts.

M:Ifhegetsaloan,it’’llbetakingonalotofdebt.

W:Still,adegreefromStanfordisworthalot,andI’veheardthattheyhavealotofmoneyforscholarships.M:I

wonderwhathe’tsin,Ihopehegetsascholarship.

HehasachanceforascholarshipbecautheUniversityhasalotofscholarshipmoney.

Thereisalotofscholarshipmoney.

It’sdifficulttogetascholarship.

Ifhegetsaloan,he’llbetakingonalotofdebt.

ShethinksadegreefromStanfordisworthalotofmoney.

W:Whatwillhedoifhedoesn’tgetintoStanford?Whataretheotherchoices?

M:TheonlyotherschoolI’veheardhimmentionisCambridgeinEngland.

W:Oh,well,that’snotabadchoice.

M:Whataboutyou?Haveyouheardanything?

W:Me?I’lltellyouifyouprominottotellanyone,OK?

M:Sure,ifit’sacret,youcantrustme.

W:I’vebeenacceptedinMITonafullscholarship.

Inthisca,she’sbeingsarcastic,soshethinksit’sagreatchoice.

M:MIT?Youjoking,right?

W:No,I’mrious.

M:Whyhaven’tyoutoldanyone?

35

W:Idon’I’ydidn’texcepttogetin.

M:Yes,ll

knowyouaresmart,sothere’ssomethingyoushouldbeproudof.

W:Thanks,I’mreallyexcited.

Hethoughtshewasrious.

Hethoughtitwasjustarumor.

Hethinksomepeoplewillbejealouswhentheyhearthenews.

2/4

Listening

TheCirculatorySystem1

Aflowchart,likethisone,showshowprocessbeginsandends,cesscanbeof

almostanykind,ore,learninghowtodescribeand

’simportantforteachers,engineersandpeoplewhoprovidecustomer

support.

Oneprocessthatweareallfamiliarwithisourbody’stemprovidesoxygenthroughout

ourbody,andeliminatescarbondioxide,thinggoeswrongwiththesystem,

weneedtorepairitquickly,’simportanttounderstanditandkeepitfunctioningproperly.

Itprovidesoxygentothebodyandelimainatescarbondioxide.

First,tfreshairwithsufficient

oxygen,theprocesswon’rocessbeginsbybreathinginair,whichhappens

sidethelungs,oxygenintheairixchangedforcarbondioxidein

oodisnow

oxygenatedblood,whichmeansitcarriesoxygen.

Tosummarize,genatedbloodinthelungs

2whichcamefromthebloodixhaledandthenextcyclebegins.

odwhichenterstheloopfromtheheartcarries

ecarbondioxideixchangedforoxygen,thebloodcontinuestheloopandexsitintothe

genatedbloodisthenpumpedtotherestofthebody.

Insidethelungs,oxygenixchangedforcarbondioxide.

Thesystemwon’tworkwothoutasupplyofair.

Fromtheheartitispumpedtotherestofthebody.

Thebloodtravelstoandfromtheheartinaloopthatbeginsandendsindifferentpartsoftheheart.

TheCirculatorySystem2

36

Asyoucane,oestheheartdo

this?First,theheart,whichisamuscle,echamber,

eoxygenatedbloodfromthelungscomesbacktotheheart,itenters

amberiscalledtheleftatrium.

-Inadditiontoasupplyofair,thecirculatorysystem...-..dependsontheflowofbloodtoandfromtheheart.

Formtheleftatrium,theoxygenatedbloodispumpedintoanotherchamber,tventricle

thenpumpsthebloodintotheaorta,eaorta,theoxygenatedblood

passthroughanetworkofsmallerarteriesthroughouttheentirebody,eturnstothe

heartthroughasystemofveinsandentertheupperrightchamber,therightatrium.

Nowthatweunderstandalittleaboutthecirculatorysystem,itcan’t

ergyissuppliedbyanothersystem,thedigestivesystem,whichgetnergyfrom

letalsystemprovidessupport

tsupportandmovement,wecouldn’tgetthe

antscandothisbecautheyhaveacompletelydifferentsystem,whichgets

energydirectlyfromthesun.

Tosummarize,guageweutodescribehowitfunctions

abularyisdifferentbutthe

process,fsomeoffamiliarinyourlifeorjob,andeif

youcandescribeandexplainitinEnglish.

It’simportanttokeepitfunctioningproperly,orwewilldie.

Thehumanbodyislikeahugecomplexfactory.

Thisisthebloodthatcarriescarbondioxide.

Thesystemwon’tworkwithoutasupplyofair.

Tostayhealthyandalive,weneedfreshairwithsufficientoxygen.

Ourskeletalsystemprovidesphysicalsupportforourbodies.

Ourbodiesfunctionverymuchlikeahuge,complexfactory.

Thedigestivesystemsupplienergytothecirculatorysystem.

Plantsgetenergydirectlyfromthesunbyusingphotosynthesis.

AfterexchangingCO2foroxygen,oxygenatedbloodflowstotheheart.

Fromtheheartitispumpedtotherestofthebody.

Fromonechamber,bloodispumpedtothelungs.

Thecarbondioxidewhichwaxchangedforoxygenisbreathedout.

Thishappenswhenthelungscontract.

Vocabulary

VerbsAboutProblems

Maintain,toprerveorkeepthingsastheyare.

Ourqualityixcellent,soyourjobistomaintainourhighstandardsandimprovethemasyoucan.

Thehistoricbuildingsareveryoldandneedtobemaintained.

37

Becauofeconomiccompetition,maintainingpeacefulrelationsisn’teasy.

Thehouisverywellmaintained,eventhoughitwaxtremelyold.

Aftertheirdevoicetheymanagedtomaintainfairlygoodrelationsbecauoftheirchildren.

Disrupt,tocaudisorderorconfusion.

Smartphoneshavedisruptedthewayweliveourlives.

Investorswanttoinvestcompaniesthatdisruptwherethingsaredone.

Sometimesdisruptivetechnologieschangetheworldinwayswedon’tlike.

Whenthevolcanoerupted,itdisruptedairtravelintheregionforalmosttwoweeks.

Investorswanttoinvestincompaniesthatdisruptthewaythingsaredone.

Hisprenceintheofficeisdisruptive,soweneedtogetridofhimassoonaspossible.

Investorswanttoinvestincompaniesthatdisruptthewaythingsaredone.

Settle,tocalmthingsdone,orendconflectdisagreement.

Heistooupttothinkclearly,soheneedstottledown.

Ifwecan’tagree,we’llhavetogotocourttottleourdifferences.

Theyneedastrongleadertobringthemtogetherandttletheirdifferences.

Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,humanscouldttledownandformpermanentcommunities.

Theyrefutonegotiate,soI’mafraidtheonlywaytottlethedisputewillbethroughwar.

Solve,tofigureoutorfindtheanswerorsolutiontoaproblem.

Theproblemisdifficult,soweneedtofindawaytosolveit.

Wecan’tsolvethatproblemwithoutusingacomputer.

Oncetheysolvedtheproblem,theyrealizedthattherewereveralsolutionstochoofrom.

Theycouldn’tsolvetheproblemuntiltheycouldclearlydefineit.

Heisverygoodatsolvingdiffcultproblems,evenunderpressure.

Prove,touevidenceorlogictosupportanidea.

Thepolicehadtoreleahimbecautheycouldn’tprovethathecommittedthecrime.

Thebestwaytoprovethatsomethingcanbedoneistodoit.

Wecan’tprovethathewasthereunlesswecanfindmoreevidence.

Inmathematics,studentslearnhowtoulogictoprovethings.

ShewantsproofthatIloveher,butwhatdoesthatmean:anexpensivediamondring?

VerbsAboutInformation

Exchange,toswapeorchangeonethingforanother.

Whenwebuysomething,weexchangemoneyfortheproduct.

Inthehumanbody,oxygenixchangedforCO2inthelungs.

Whentheyexchangedsmiles,Iknewwewereclotoanagreement.

Inameetingtwopeoplemayexchangelooksbynoddingheadsorshowingemotions.

Duringtheprisonerexchange,oneoftheprisonerstriedtoescape.

Cooperate,toworktogetherorcoolaborate.

Insteadofcompetingwitheachother,weshouldcooperate.

Agoodmanagercouldgetpeopletocooperate,evenwhentheyareindifferentteams.

Heneedstodecidewhethertocooperateorlookforanotherjob.

38

Hewantstodothingshisownwayandrefustocooperate,soweshouldgetridofhim.

Weneedhimtocooperateinsteadofrefusingtoworkwithus.

Capture,tocatchandholdsomething,theoppositeofrelea.

Theprisonerscaped,buttheywerecapturedwithinafewdays.

Inwar,armiestrytocaptureterritoryanddefeattheirenemiesonthebattlefield.

Afteronlyashortconversation,shehadcapturedhisimaginationandhewashopelesslyinlove.

Afterhewascapturedhewasheldinprisonforayearbeforehewaxchangedforanotherprisoner.

Todistributeorshare,topassaroundorgivetoothersunlfishly.

Onereasonthatcompanyissuccessfulisthatithasaprofit-sharingplan.

AftertheEarthquakethearmycameanddistributedthefoodandwatertothesurvivors.

AftertheEarthquakeitwasimportantforpeopletosharetheirfoodandwatersupplieswithothers.

Nobodywantedtosharetheirsupplies,sopeoplestartedfighting.

Someoftheirprofitsweredistributedtothemostproductiveemployeesintheformofbonus.

Eliminate,togetridofordispoof.

Wasteproductsmustbeeliminatedfromourbodiesorwewilldie.

Teamswereeliminatedfromthecompetitionwhentheylosttoomanygames.

Onewaytoeliminatecorruptionistopunishthopeoplewhoarecorrupt.

Thegovernmentisdoingitsbesttoeliminatewasteandrewardconrvation.

Allexcepttwocandidateshavebeeneliminated,sonowweneedtodecidewhichonetopromote.

Dialogue

AppearanceandCareer

M:Howwasthejobinterview?

W:'tthinkweshouldhireher,certainlynotforasalesposition.

M:Doyoureallythinkso?uldlookshaveanythingtodowithit.

W:It',beautifulpeoplehaveanadvantage.

M:Maybeso,butwedon'thavetosupportthatwayofthinking.

W:Look,tmetoincreasales,right?

-Whatisitthattheyaredisagreement?-whetherornotlooksshouldaffectahiringdecision.

M:HaveyoueverheardofJackMa?

W:Sure,veheisoneoftherichestpeopleintheworld.

M;He'snotgoodlookingatall,butlookhowsuccessfulheis.

W:Yes,butheisanexception.

M:Hefacedallkindsofprejudice,yadmirehim.

Thecandidatedidwell,butshe’’tthinkweshouldhireher,certainlynotforasalesposition.

M:Perhaps,ewouldn'thavebeenso

uthoughtofthat?

W:Thatmayhavebeenafactor,taboutadvertising?Lookatallthemoneycompaniespayfor

39

modelsinadvertising.

M:Youmeantheuofbeautifulorstrange-lookingpeople?

W:Exactly,it'sallaroundus,noticeit.

M:AsfarasI'mconcerned,it''sallbad

onappearance,andIdon'tlikeit.

W:Idon'pledon'tbuysomethingbecauit'ysomething

ecisionsarebadonemotion,notreason.

M:Isthatwhyyoubuythings?

W:Well,itdependsontheproduct,butyes,outyou?

M:omecasI'mnodifferentfromotherpeople.I'm

attractedtoadvertimentsthatgetmyattention.

W:That'oursalespeopletoattractattentionandmakepeoplefeelgood.

Theydisagreeaboutwhetherornotlooksshouldaffecttheirhiringdecision.

M:OK,butI''sbecreativeanddosomethingbetter.

W:Ihearyou,butIthinkyou'rebeingnaive.

M:Ifyouthinkthatwomanwasgood,thenlet'sgiveherachance.

W:OK,I'llgiveherachance,andIrespect,butcompletelydisagreewithyourdecision.

M:Iknow,andIthankyouforyourhonestopinion.

-Tobenvivemeans...-...tonotberealisticorpractical.

Shedisagreeswithhisdecisiontohirethewoman.

Sherespectshisdecisiontogivethewomanachance,butshedoesn’tthinkthewomanwillsucceed.

Accordingtohim,manyadvertimenttrytofoolpeopleintobuyingthingstheydon’tneed.

3/4

Listening

LivingConditions1

untrieshaveverylargeeconomies,but

ountrieshavesmallereconomies,butthemajorityoftheircitizens

izeofacountry’conomyisn’

rfactorishowacountry’swealthisdistributedbetween

therichandthepoor.

-Thesizeofacountry’conomyisn’ttheonlyfactor...-...thatdeterminesthewealthofcitizens.

Let’artshowstheworld’s5largesteconomiesin2015.

ItranksthecountriesbytheirGrossDomesticProduct,isonewayofmeasuringthesizeofan

ane,accordingto

thischart,theUSandChinahadthelargesteconomies.

40

In2015,Germanyhadthefifthlargesteconomy.

Acountry’slivingconditionsdependnotonlyonthesizeofitconomy,butalsonohowitswealthisdistributed.

Accordingtothechart,nomywasbiggerthan

Japan’sonforthisisthe

asamuchlargerpopulation,soitswealthisdistributedamongamuchlarger

findthisinformationbycheckingacountry’itameansper

ountrieshavethesameGDP,butonecountryhashavethenumberofpeople,itsGDPperCapita

istwiceaslarge.

countries,muchofthewealthis

mple,intheUS,just5%ofthepopulationhadmorethan70%ofthe

,thewealth

shareheldbythewealthiest10%sonis

thatJapan’spopulationismuchsmallerthanIndia’s.

LivingConditions2

Aswehaveen,muchofthewealthoftheUSisconcentratedinjustafewpeople.10%ofitspopulationhadan

estimated75%rastto

theUS,10%ofJapan’a,in2014,theestimateshareof

top10%were64%,hadthehighestconcentrationofthewealth,atover

80%.India,whichhasoneofthelargesteconomies,hadalargestshareofworld’hest10%

have370timestheshareofwealththanitspoorest10%.

Amajorchaveen,growing

aneconomyisn’ing

ttereducationandtraining,

thepoorcanincreatheirabilitytogetbetterjobsandraitheirincome.

Howevertaxesareneededtopayforsocialrvices,untriestaxtherich

riftaxesaretoohigh,

becauinvestorswouldn’,asyoucane,thearecomplexissues.

Investorswouldn’ttakerisksunlesstherewardsarehigh.

Thesizeofacountry’conomyisn’ttheonlyfactorthatdetermineshowwealthyitscitizensare.

Vocabulary

DescribingActions

Silly,foolishorstupidorridiculous,theoppositeofrious.

Heisbeingsilly,soweshouldjustignorehim.

That’sasillyidea,soIdon’tthinkshemeanswhatshe’ssaying.

Heexpectspeopletolaughwhenhe’sbeingsilly,butIdon’tthinkit’sfunny.

Thisisnotimeforsillybehavior,soI’maskingeveryonetoworkharderandtakethingsriously.

41

That’sasillyidea,soIdon’tthinkshemeanswhatshe’ssaying.

Thewordssillyandriousareantonymsbecautheyhaveoppositemeanings.

Thatkindofsillybehaviorisn’tacceptableinouroffice.

It’ssillyproposal,sonobodyisgoingtosupportit.

Amazing,tobeincreableorsogoodastobehardtobelieve,theoppositeofordinary.

Thatcompany’snewproductsaretrulyamazing.

Shegaveanamazingperformanceespeciallyafterallthedifficultiesshehadtoovercome.

Hewasinaterribleaccident,soit’samazingthatheisstillalive.

It’samazingwhatpeoplecanaccomplishiftheyaredetermined.

Shehasanamazingvoice,soIlovetolistentohersing.

Thatcompany’snewproductsaretrulyamazing.

Itwillbeanamazingaccomplishmentiftheycanfinishtheprojectonschedule.

Crucial,tobeofextremeimportantonthecenturalpart,theoppositeofoptional.

It’scrucialthatwegetthemtosignthecontractbytheendoftheweek.

Gettingthatdataiscrucialforoursuccess.

It’scrucialthatairlinepilotsgetenoughsleepbeforetheyfly.

Wecan’tdothiswithouttheirhelp,soit’scrucialthatyougetthemtocooperate.

Impressive,tostandoutandbeunforgettableinagoodway.

Hisprentationwassoimpressivethatwedecidedtohirehimrightaway.

Theyhaveanimpressivewebsite,butthequalityoftheirproductsispathetic.

Sheimpresdeveryonewithherpowerfulspeech,butweweresoondisappointedbyherinabilitytomeether

goals.

Theirdesignwasimpressive,butthecostsweremuchhigherthanwecouldafford,sowehadtorejectit.

Hemadeanimpressiveentrance,butwhenheleftthemeetinghelookedtiredanddefeated.

Realistic,tobepossibleanduncertainable.

Thatdeadlineisn’trealistic,soweneedtoaskformoretime.

Heisn’tbeingrealisticwhenheexpectedtochargesuchhighpricesforhisproducts.

Hisproposalwasn’trealisticbecauhedoesn’’s

okforyoutohavehighexpectations,buttheyneedtoberealisticoryou’llfail.

Theircompanyfailedbecautheirsalespeojectionswereunrealisticandtheirexpenswerewaytoohigh.

PersonalTraits

Sincere,tobehonestandtrust-worthy.

Ithinkshewasbeingsincere,soIthinkwecantrusther.

Sometimeit’sverydifficulttoknowifsomeoneisbeingsincere,orisjustagoodliar.

Ithoughthewasbeingsincere,butwhenIlookedintohisbackgrounditemsthathecan’tbetrusted.

Idoubtifhe’sbeingsincere,soweshouldprotectourlvesincahebreakshispromi.

Naive,overlysimpleandlackingexperience.

Hewantstochangetheworld,butheisverynaive,soheneedsomeonetohelphim.

Ithinkwecantakeadvantageofhimbecauheisnaiveandimpatient.

She’sstillyoungandnaive,sowecan’tgivehertoomuchresponsibilitywithoutsomeonetoguideher.

42

Internetcriminalsareverycleverandcanoftenfoolnaivepeopleintogivingawayconfidentialinformation.

Brilliant,highlyintelligentorexceptionalimbriteness,theoppositeofdull.

Thereisnodoubtthatheisabrilliantscientist,butheisaverypoormanager.

It’samazinghowsuchabrilliantmancanbesostupidaroundwomen.

Theideasinhispaperwerebrilliant,butthequalityofhiswritingwaspathetic.

That’sabrilliantidea,solet’sgetstartedassoonaspossible.

Onedayhecameupwithwhathethoughtwasabrillantidea.

Cruel,mean,menapuletiveandhurtful,theoppositeofkind.

Hecanbecruelwhenhedoesn’tlikesomeone,sodon’texpecthimtobenicetoyou.

Iwasshockedbyhowcruelhewaswhenhefiredher.

Peoplewhoarecrueltoanimalsshouldbepunishedfortheirbehavior.

Icanneverforgivehimforhiscruelty,sodon’taskmetomeetwithhimeveragain.

Idon’tunderstandhowpeoplecanbesocrueltoanimals.

Clever,innovative,creative,verysmart.

Hefoundacleversolutionthatallowedustoreducecosts.

Advirsareverycleveratgettingpeopletobuythingstheydon’treallyneed.

Heisn’tascleverashethinksheis,sowemaybeabletofindaweaknessinhisplan.

Itappearedacleverideaatfirstbutitfailedbecauitignoredsomeimportantdetails.

Theyhavedevelopedaverycleverwaytoincreatheefficiencyoftheirsalesteam.

Skeptical,needsprouforevidencetoovercomedoubts,theoppositeofconvinced.

I’msuretheywillbeskepticalofourresultssoweneedtobringconvincingevidence.

I’mskepticalthatsuchasimpledesigncansatisfyourrequirements.

Yourideasareimpressive,butI’mstillskeptical,soIneedmoreevidence.

He’sskepticalthatwecansatisfytheirneeds,sohewantsustoprovidemoredetailsaboutourplan.

Dialogue

WinningaLottery

M1:Guesswhat?I’vejustwonthelottery,50milliondollars.

M2:sureit’sforrealandthereisn’tamistake?

M1:No,I’vecheckedandconfirmedit.

M2:Wow,that’tulations.

M1:Ineverexpectedthis,sonowI’vegottofigureoutwhattodowithit.

M2:Yes,youdoandbecareful.I’mtellingyoueverythingisabouttochange.

M1:Emm,I’en’thadtimetothink.

Inthisca,tobeinastateofshockmeanstobe...-...sosurpridandexcitedthatonecan’tthinkclearly.

M2:Withallyourmoney,whataboutyourfriends?

M1:Youmeanyou,right?

M2:Sure,whynot?Whydon’tyougivemeanewcar?

43

M1:Andthenwhat?Sure,ifIstartgivingthingstomyfriends,itwillneverstop.I’vegottothink.

Heisn’tbeingrious,butisonlyjokingwithhisfriend.

M2:Onethingforsure,youhavenotroublefindingagirl-friendnow,hah.

M1:Yeah,you’dbegreat

tohaveanicegirlfriend.I’veneverbeensuccessfulwithwomen.

He’sgoingtohavefunandenjoybeenrichforawhile.

M2:Whatareyougoingtodoaboutyourjob?

M1:I’llgivenoticerightawayandfinishtheprojectI’vebeenworkingon.

M2:That’snice.I’at?

M1:ThenI’lltakesometimeformylfandthinkaboutwhatIwanttodo.

M2:Anyideas?

M1:’einvestinsomething

interesting.

-Togivenoticetoanemployermeans...-...toletthemknowthatyou’regoingtoquit.

M2:ybestfriendsbecameaninvestorafterhesoldsomestocksofthe

’sreallysmartbuthegotfooledintoinvestingalotofmoneyintoacompanythat

duplosinghintireinvestment.

M1:Whathappenedthen?

M2:smart

peoplecanbefooled.

Myfriendisreallysmart,but

endeduplosinghintirinvestment.

M1:Well,I’minnohurry,soI’thefirstthingI’lldoisbuyanicehouandhelpmyparents.

They’veworkedhardalltheirlives,butarestillbarelyabletosurviveonwhattheyhave.

M2:Emm,eryoudo,don’tolowhoyou

are.

M1:Don’tworry,Iwon’hatyoumean.

He’ssurehewonbecauhehasconfirmedit.

Heneednoughtimetofigureoutwhattodowiththemoney.

Hehasn’thadenoughtimetothinkaboutwhathe’sgoingtodowithit.

Heisn’tbeingrious,butisonlyjokingwithhisfriend.

Ifhestartsgivingthingstohisfriends,they’llneverstopaskingformore.

He’sgoingtohavefunandenjoybeenrichforawhile.

Theythinktherewillbemanywomenwhowillbeattractedtohimbecauofhismoney.

Manywomenlikemenwithmoney.

He’sgoingtogivenoticeandthenfinishtheprojecthe’sbeenworkingon.

He’lltakesometimeforhimlfandthinksaboutwhathewantstodo.

44

Hisfriend’smarriageendedindevoice.

Inthisca,togotoone’sheadmeanstolethissuddenwealthmakehimthinkheisbetterthanothers.

4/4

Listening

ElectromagneticForce

he,ofcour,isgravity,theforce

rimportantforceistheelectromagneticforce.

tittherewouldbenoatomsor

lacoupleofhundredsofyearsago,boutthe

lutionizedcommunication,transportation

ewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutelectricity!

Theelectromagneticforcehastwoparts,ctricforceistheforce

betweenelectricallychargedparticles,icchargesattractorrepeleach

neticforceistheforcebetweenthe

magneticpoles,,theEarthwaslikealargebarmagnet,withanorth

imalsutheEarth’lso

ethismagneticfieldwhenweuacompass.

WhydoestheEarthhaveamagneticfield?ManyscientistsbelievethattheEarth’smagneticfieldisduetothe

Earth’sidetheEarthisasolidironcore,ing

electriccurrentsinsidethisliquidmetalcreateamagneticfield.

TheEarth’smagneticfieldisimportant,arwindisacurrentof

esolarwindnearstheEarth,theEarth’smagneticfield

otectstheEarthfromtheradiation,protectsthe

satilisthatweutocommunication.

TheEarth’smagneticfiledprotectstheEarthfromthesolarwind.

MagneticFieldReversal

ScientistsnowbelievethattheEarth’calledmagneticfield

200thousandto300thousandyearstheEarth’rwordsthenorth

shappenedmanytimesinEarth’shistory,butithasbeen

happeningmorelately.

Recentrearchprovidevidencesthattherehavebeen5magneticreversalsduringthepast500thousand

studieshavefoundthatthe

Earth’smagneticfieldhasweakenedabout5%urrentratethenextreversalcouldhappen

withinthenextcentury.

45

inkthereisapossibilitythatitcould

ndother

reffectwouldbeanincreasingsomeformsofcancer,

uldbebecauofanincreasingamountofradiation,absorbedbyourbodies.

Thepsverylittlehistorical

havebeenonEarthformillionsof

years,ore,scientistsbelievethatanychangeswouldbe

rtheoryisthatEarth’souterlayercouldrotatearoundtheliquidmetaloutercorethatmakesup

eifthat

happensAustriawouldbeinthenorthernhemisphere.

Withsomanytheorieshowcanweknowwhattobelieve?Thisisimportantbecausomeofeventsrequiresusto

derlinestheimportanceof

gettingreliableinformation,backedbystrongevidence.

-Someeventsrequiresusto...-...actwellinadvancetopreventthem.

Anincreainradiationcaussomeformsofcancer.

Vocabulary

Decision-MakingVerbs

Resume,tocontinueorstartagainafterapau.

Afterashortinterruption,ourworkresumedandweworkedforanotherhour.

Workontheprojectresumedoncewepasdthesafetyinspection.

Whenwelostelectricityeverythingshutdown,butafewminuteslaterthepowerreturnedandweresumedour

work.

Theprojecthasbeenpostponed,andwewon’tresumeworkuntilwereceivethenextpayment.

Interrupt,tostopsomethinginprogress.

IhatetobeinterruptedwhenI’mworkingbutsometimeit’snecessary.

It’sdifficulttohaveaconversationwithherbecaushealwaysinterrupts.

Becarefulnottointerruptthebosswhenhe’sspeaking.

I’msorrytointerrupt,butIthinkweneedtofocusonthemainproblem.

I’mtryinghardtoconcentrate,sopleadon’tinterruptme.

Reconsider,toreaccessorthinkagainaboutchangingsomething.

IwasplanningtovoteagainsthimbutafterhearinghimspeakI’mgoingtoreconsider.

Ididn’twanttohireheratfirstbutthenIreconsideredandofferedherthejob.

I’mgladIreconsideredyourplanbecauit’sturningouttobeabigsuccess.

I’veconsideredandreconsideredyourequest,buttheanswerisstillno.

Areyousureyouwon’treconsideryoudecision?

Weareplanningtosueyourcompanyunlessyoureconsideryourdecision.

Conclude,toreachadecision,toendsomethingorsummarizethemainpoints.

46

Toconcludemyprentationhereisasummaryofmyrecommendations.

Afterhearingargumentsforandagainsttheprojectwehavereachedaconclusion.

Givenalltheevidencewehavecometotheconclusionthatthepilotwasnottoblamefortheaccident.

Inconclusion,Ithinkthisnewpesticideisn’tsafefortheenvironment.

Anticipate,tothinkinadvance,topredictitwashad.

Iwonthegamebecauitwaasytoanticipatemyopponent’snextmove.

Hetriedtoanticipatewhatweweregoingtodo,buthewascompletelywrong,sohelost.

I’manticipatingthattheywon’tbegintheirattackuntiltheweatherconditionsimprove,buttheymaysurprius.

Theirsalesrevenuesweremuchlessthantheyanticipated,sotheyranoutofmoney.

StatusofAffairs

Permanent,tobefixedorunchanging,theoppositeoftemporary.

Heplanstostaytherepermanently.

HehasdecidedtobecomeapermanentresidentofChina.

Humanslivedasnomadsuntiltheydecidedtottledownandbuildpermanentcommunities.

Oncetheyestablishedpermanentboundaries,theyhadtofighttodefendtheirterritoryfrominvaders.

Ifyoudowellasatemporaryworker,youmaybehiredforapermanentposition.

Temporary,onlylastingforashorttime,theoppositeofpermanent.

Wecanonlyofferhimatemporarypositioninthecompany.

Thisisn’tthekindofjobhewants,butit’sokifsomethingtemporary,untilhecanfindsomethingbetter.

Untilwemoveintothenewbuildingwe’lluthisofficeasourtemporaryba.

Thatcompanyplacespeopleinpart-time,temporary.

Definite,welldefined,prici,certain,unchanging.

Wecan’tbegintheprojectuntilyougiveusamoredefiniteschedule.

Wecan’tgiveyouadefiniteansweruntilwegetmoreinformation.

Wedon’tknowtheirexactlocation,buttheyaredefinitelyinthisgeneralarea.

Weneedyoutobemoredefiniteaboutyourplansforthenextsixmonths.

Wecan’tissueyouaticketuntilyougiveusdefinitedates.

Obvious,easytoe,standsout.

Ofthejobcandidatesweinterviewed,hewastheobviouschoice.

It’sobviousthathecan’taffordtobuythathou.

Itwasanobviouslie,butsomepeoplestillbelievedit.

Fromherfacialexpression,itwasobviousthatshereallydislikedhim.

Trivial,oflittleornoimportance,insignificant.

It’satrivialdetail,sothere’snoneedtoworryaboutit.

Thoproblemsarenottrivial,soweneedtofindasolution.

Hisproblemisthathespendstoomuchtimedealingwithtrivialdetails.

Shespendshertimeworryingabouttrivialdetails,soshewastesalotoftime.

Hethinksit’satrivialmatter,butIthinkit’sgoingtocaubigproblemsifweignoreit.

Dialogue

47

ArgumentoverInvestment

W:itwithoutconsultingme.

M:Yes,’thavetimetoconsultwithyouandItrustthem.

W:That’sourmoney,’norighttomakethatdecision

Itrustyou?

-Whysheissoangry?-Hemadeaninvestmentwithoutconsultingher.

M:Look,itwasanopportunityIcouldn’tresist.I’msureit’sgoingtobeOK.

W:No,itisn’’sastupidinvestmentandit’yhateyounow.

M:That’’twedisagreewithoutbecomingsoemotional?

W:Wearen’’’ttrustyouanymore,especiallywhenyou

keepdoingstupidthingsthataffectme.

She’suptbecauhehasbrokenhispromiagain.

M:YousayI’mbeingstupidbutit’sjustwedon’tagree.

W:No,that’dyouwouldn’

lookwhatyou’ydespiyounow.

Herpointisthathedidn’tkeephispromi.

M:Well,whatshouldwedo?Ifyoukeeptalkinglikethat,wehadbetterbreakup.

W:Yes,weshould.I’’twanttoeyouanymore,andIdon’twantyoutoevencontactme.

M:Sure,ifthat’ntyoutoknowthatIhaven’tbeenlyingtoyou.

W:Don’’’refoolandyoucan’tevenewhatyouaredoing.

M:Hi,I’getmyflowers?

W:Yes,butItoldyounottocallme.

M:Yes,n’’’sgive

itanothertry.

W:I’it’sthelaststrow.

M:erightabouteverything.I’lltrytogetthemoneyback.

W:Whenyougetthemoneyback,on’t,youcanpaymewhatyouowemeandthen

leavemealone.

M:OK,I’llgetitback.I’lldoanythingtogetyoubackinmylife.

W:I’llthinkaboutit.

Shethinksit’stoolatetosavetheirrelationshipbecaushecan’’s

angrybecauhemadeaninvestmentwithoutconsultingher.