industrialization

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托福阅读练习及详细解析：ArtisansandIndustrialization

从今日起，我给大家整理了一些新托福考试经典阅读练习题。要知道阅读始

终就是英语考试中的重中之重，所以确定要勤加练习。今日给大家共享一篇名为

“ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION”的〔文章〕。

托福阅读练习及具体解析：ArtisansandIndustrialization

Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesor

ercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeof

tion,womenoftenworkedin

theirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedby

1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogiveway

transportationnetworks,theriofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditall

stimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnot

theriofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.

Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenot

onlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsome

ymenknewthatifthey

perfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswiththeirown

,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherin

burstsofintenlaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.

roducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedor

elegantasthodonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressure

methodsofdoingbusinessinvolvedanew

ylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,

whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingata

ametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,for

industrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andlf-disciplined.

Abnteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,

rializationnotonlyproduceda

fundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynature

ofwork.

Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethechangesdidnotadoptthenew

l

workerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyaboutobediencetotheding-dongof

elossofpersonal

artisanworkshops

inwhichapprenticesworkedclolywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factories

kersrothroughtheranksto

supervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisansdreamofttingup

newlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheirrights

orkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailors

formedunions,andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTrades

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ormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethe

Panicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,

hardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike_

skilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeela

particularlystrongbondwithmiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.

Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hoursto

mostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,

butthegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.

Workerswereunitedinrentingtheindustrialsystemandtheirlossofstatus,

buttheyweredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender,conflictingreligious

perspectives,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartyloyalties,anddisagreements

m,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsofopportunity

butremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrolovertheirlives.

AsUnitedStatessocietybecamemorespecializedanddifferentiated,greater

henewmarketscreatedfortunesforthe

few,thefactorysystemloweredthewagesofworkersbydividinglaborintosmaller,

lessskilledtasks.

Paragraph1:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendonein

ercraftworkers,theyimpartedthe

tion,womenoften

workedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsupplied

1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogive

wa

transportationnetworks,theriofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditall

stimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

fthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutarticles

manufacturedbefore1815?

○Theywereprimarilyproducedbywomen.

○Theyweregenerallyproducedinshopsratherthaninhomes.

○Theywereproducedwithmoreconcernforqualitythanforspeedof

production.

○Theywereproducedmostlyinlargecitieswithextensivetransportation

networks.

Paragraph2:Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkingin

theriofthefactory,artisanshadworked

ticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswere

responsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforproviding

ymenknew

thatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswith

,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,but

ratherinburstsofintenlaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.

fthentencesbelowbestexpresstheesntialinformationinthe

highlightedntenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaningin

importantwaysorleaveoutesntialinformation.

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○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthem

irresponsibly.

○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteaching

ofatrade.

○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingand

educatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.

○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemanded

excellencefromthem.

Paragraph3:roducedbyfactorieswerenotas

finishedorelegantasthodonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewayto

methodsofdoingbusiness

ylifenecessitatedamore

regimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskept

ametime,workerswererequiredto

discardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,

eeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwas

specialized,rializationnotonlyproduced

afundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynature

ofwork.

ddisruptedinthepassageisclostinmeaningto

○Prolonged

○Established

○Followed

○Upt

Paragraph4:Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethechangesdidnotadoptthe

millworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyaboutobediencetotheding-dong

elossofpersonal

artisanworkshops

inwhichapprenticesworkedclolywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factories

kersrothroughtheranksto

supervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisansdreamofttingup

ll-paidworkersndtheirdeclineinstatus.

graph4,theauthorincludesthequotationfromamillworkerinorder

to

○Supporttheideathatitwasdifficultforworkerstoadjusttoworkingin

factories

○Toshowthatworkerssometimesquitbecauoftheloudnoimadeby

factorymachinery

○Arguethatclocksdidnothaveaufulfunctioninfactories

○Emphasizethatfactoriesweremostsuccessfulwhenworkersrevealedtheir

complaints

hefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asconquencesofthenew

systemforworkersEXCEPTalossof

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○Freedom

○Statusinthecommunity

○Opportunitiesforadvancement

○Contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers

Paragraph5:Inthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimes

orkerssuchas

carpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,andin1834individualunionscame

ormovementgatheredsome

momentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthat

followed,hardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingto

strike_lledcraftworkers,whospearheadedthe

unionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularlystrongbondwithmiskilledfactory

anadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringa

workdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalso

recognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.

agatheredsomemomentuminthepassageisclostinmeaningto

○Madeprogress

○Becameactive

○Caudchanges

○Combinedforces

dspearheadedinthepassageisclostinmeaningto

○Led

○Accepted

○Changed

○Resisted

fthefollowingstatementsaboutthelabormovementofthe1800sis

supportedbyparagraph5?

○Itwasmostsuccessfulduringtimesofeconomiccrisis.

○Itsprimarypurpowastobenefitunskilledlaborers.

○Itwasslowtoimproveconditionsforworkers.

○Ithelpedworkersofallskilllevelsformastrongbondwitheachother.

Paragraph6:Workerswereunitedinrentingtheindustrialsystemandtheir

lossofstatus,buttheyweredividedbyethnicandracialantagonisms,gender,

conflictingreligiousperspectives,occupationaldifferences,politicalpartyloyalties,

m,thefactoryandindustrialismwerenot

agentsofopportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureof

edStatessocietybecamemorespecializedand

differentiated,henewmarkets

createdfortunesforthefew,thefactorysystemloweredthewagesofworkersby

dividinglaborintosmaller,lessskilledtasks.

horidentifiespoliticalpartyloyalties,anddisagreementsovertactics

astwoofveralfactorsthat

○Encouragedworkerstodemandhigherwages

○Createddivisionsamongworkers

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○Caudworktobecomemorespecialized

○Increadworkersrentmentoftheindustrialsystem

dtheminthepassagerefersto

○Workers

○Politicalpattyloyalties

○Disagreementsovertactics

○Agentsofopportunity

Paragraph1:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendonein

homesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedthe

knowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoften

workedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsupplied

bymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogive

waytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledormiskilledlaborers.■Cheap

transportationnetworks,theriofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditall

stimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

thefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingntencecanbe

wformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovement

ouldthe

ntencebestfit?

○Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesor

wformofmanufacturingdependedonthe

m

mastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesand

journeymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,making

finishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815this

olderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedby

unskilledormiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriofcities,

andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

○Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesor

shopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeof

wformofmanufacturing

dependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceof

tion,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinished

articlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolder

formofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedby

unskilledormiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriofcities,

andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

○Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesor

shopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeof

theirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedin

theirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedby

wformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementof

1815thisolder

formofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedby

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unskilledormiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriofcities,

andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

○Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesor

shopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeof

theirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedin

theirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedby

merchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogiveway

w

formofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsand

ransportationnetworks,theriofcities,and

theavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.

ions:Completethetablebelowbyindicatingwhichoftheanswer

choicesdescribecharacteristicsoftheperiodbefore1815andwhichdescribe

estionisworth3points.

Before1815

●

●

1815-1850

●

●

●

Answerchoices

Aunited,highlysuccessfullabormovementtookshape.

Workerstookprideintheirworkmanship.

Theincomegapbetweentherichandthepoorincreadgreatly.

Transportationnetworksbegantodecline.

Emphasiswasplacedonfollowingschedules.

Workerswentthroughanextensiveperiodoftraining.

Fewworkerxpectedtoowntheirownbusiness.

参考答案：

1.○3

ThisisanInferencequestionaskingforaninferencethatcanbesupportedby

rectanswerischoice3,Theywereproducedwithmoreconcern

rofstatementsthroughoutthe

aph1statesthatBefore1815manufacturinginthe

UnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans...After1815this

olderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedby

aph2statesthatBeforetheriofthe

factory...skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherin

aph3states,The

roducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantas

thodonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincrea

ogether,thethreestatements,aboutproductionrates,

therioffactoriesafter1815,andthedeclineofcraftsmanshipafter1815,support

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theinferencethatbefore1815,theemphasishadbeenonqualityratherthanon

choices1,2,and4areallcontradictedbythepassage.

2.○2

alloftheitems,asingle

ntenceinthepassageishighlighted:Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,

andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalso

f

2containsalloftheesntialinformationinthe

hlightedntenceexplainswhy(partofthefamily)and

how(education,moralbehavior)amastersresponsibilitywentbeyondteachinga

entialinformationisthefactthatthemastersresponsibilitywent

ore,choice2containsallthatisntialwithout

1changesthemeaningof

thehighlightedntenceb~statingthatmastersoftentreatedapprentices

3contradictstheesntialmeaningofthehighlightedntence.

ThefactthatApprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily...suggeststhatthey

4,likechoice3,changesthemeaningofthe

highlightedntencebydiscussingfamilymembersasapprentices.

3.○4

rectanswerischoice4,dupt

methingishurtor

damaged,itisupt.

4.○1

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbe

rectanswerischoiceI,supporttheideathatitwas

agraphbeginsbystating

thatworkersdidnotadoptnewattitudestowardworkeasilyandthattheclock

horprovidesthequotationavidenceof

snoindicationintheparagraphthatworkersquitduetoloud

noi,3(ufulnessofclocks)iscontradictedbythe

toryclockwasuful,4(workers

complaintsasacauofafactoryssuccess)isnotdiscusdinthisparagraph.

5.○4

ThisisaNegativeFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformation

4,contactamongworkerswhowerenot

managers,agraphexplicitlycontradictsthisbystating

agraphexplicitly

statesthatworkerslostchoiceI(freedom),choice2(statusinthecommunity),and

choice3(opportunitiesforadvancement)inthenewsystem,sothochoicesareall

incorrect.

6.○1

abeingtestedisgatheredsome

rectanswerischoiceI,made

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ermomentummeanstoadvancewithincreasingspeed.

7.○1

rectanswerischoice1,dofaspear

leadstherestofthespear,sothecraftsworkerswhospearheadedthismovementled

it.

8.○3

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbe

rectanswerischoice3,Itwasslowtoimprove

agraphstates,Morethanadecadeofagitationdid

finallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe1850s,and

thecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthegainshadlittleimmediate

eeotherchoicesare

contradictedbytheparagraph.

9.○2

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationabouta

ainquestionishighlightedinthepassage.

Thecorrectanswerischoice2,agraph

states(emphasisadded):...they(workers)weredividedbyethnicandracial

antagonisms,gender;conflictingreligiousperspectives,occupationaldifferences,

politicalpartloyalties,ticalpartyloyaltiesand

disagreementsovertacticsareexplicitlystaredastwocausofdivisionamong

erchoicesarenotstatedandareincorrect.

10.○1

ghlightedin

dtheminthisntence

referstothopeopletowhomthefactoryandindustrialismwerenotagentsof

opportunitybutremindersoftheirlossofindependenceandameasureofcontrol

1,Workers,istheonlychoicethatreferstothistypeofperson,

soitisthecorrectanswer.

11.○4

ethefourblacksquaresinparagraph1

1815manufacturinginthe

UnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraft

workers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.

■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticles

1815thisolderformof

manufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledor

miskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriofcities,andthe

availab

ntenceprovided,Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementof

goodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers,isbestinrtedat

newformofmanufacturingistheonementionedinthentenceprecedingsquare4,

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erted

ntencethenexplainsthatthisnewsystemdependedonthemovementofgoodsto

tencethatfollows

square4goesontosay,Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriofcities,andthe

availabe

inrtedntencecontainsreferencestoboththentencebeforesquare4andthe

nottrueofanyoftheotherpossibleinrtpoints,so

square4isthecorrectanswer.

12.○○Before1815:261815-1850:357

rect

s3,5,and7belonginthe

s1and4shouldnotbeudineithercolumn.

托福阅读难度及题型的信息

机考模式

新托福阅读考试分两种模式：ShortFormat以及LongFormat。前者历时60

分钟，要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间

拉长至100分钟，按需完成60-70道题目。

原来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”，但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电

脑操作，这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。或许对大多数人来说看几个小时的

网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新颖事儿，但面对屏幕做上一两个小时

的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

建议各位正在预备托福阅读备考的同学，平常要养成习惯通过电脑来阅读，

至于阅读的内容将会在第四个点里再作具体介绍。关于这一点的备考和写作的备

考策略是一致的，大家可以结合起来一起预备。

考试强度

无论是ShortFormat还是LongreFormat，托福阅读考试强度上对考生的要求

都是相当大的，新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而，在新托

福阅读当中，对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是要求在规定时间里完成规定

的题数。

新托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也有很大区分，因为CET4、CET6与

高考的阅读考试大都是提供约4-5篇文章，然后出20道选择题，要求考生根据

所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时

间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限

制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章

来练，认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均支配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成

12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考，而是将3篇或5篇

看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在托福阅读备考期间确定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习

惯，培育自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数，并保证确定的正确率。

有很多的专业考生，因为平常课业负担较大，可用于支配学习托福的时间有

限，希望在考前通过高强度的课程学习来提高考试成果。

针对基础较好短期内需要考试的学生，我们推举学生接受75%的正课占比，

侧重于独特化的考试应对，针对自己薄弱的地方，对症下药，并辅以适量的配套

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训练来检测学习效果，确保对学问点的把握。

托福阅读题型转变

考试题型的主要转变在于题型中增加了词汇解释题、填表、插入〔句子〕和

完成段落等。根据新托福阅读测试的目的，考生需要在平常训练中着重培育和加

强三种阅读技能，即信息定位能力、速读理解能力和研读整理能力，来关怀自己

适应新题型。

这一点表现出新托福考试阅读明显雅思化，因此增加题目并不意味着增加难

度，其难度表达在考生对题型的熟识程度。可以说，新托福阅读内容的难度降低，

于是便通过题型转变增加难度，因此阅读理解部分并不需要过于担忧，关键是了

解题型。

学问面和信息量

大家都知道，做题基于托福阅读读文章的基础之上，因此增进阅读能力会

对完成题目起到至关重要的作用。在备考阶段，大家要多读各类题材的文章。新

托福阅读测试的选材大多涉及自然科学(天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科

学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文

章，一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景学问，同时可借此机会熟识不同学科的常

用词汇。

各类书籍、报刊及网上文章都可以选择作为练习阅读的材料，假如是选取带

有确定学术性的文章或大学教材则是再好也没有了。这一点大家可以结合适应

“机考”这一转变来共同实现更多地去选择在电脑上阅读文章而非实际的报纸或

杂志。

托福阅读只要找出最优选项即可

托福阅读不管复习的如何也不管考试时你是怎么做的托福阅读试题，只要结

果对了就好，那么这时一些托福阅读技巧可能就特殊有用了，下面就来看看具体

该如何做选择的的〔方法〕，希望对大家有所关怀。

在进行托福阅读训练的时候，假如你只是坚持找关键词，却忽视了其他的一

些〔短语〕，查找题目中的词语在文章中是否出现，那么你的托福阅读分数是很

难提升的。留意关键词不是托福阅读考试的一切。

这里必需承认，当正确答案是原文重现的时候，我们去接受，原文当中出现

的词，在正确答案之中也出现，这种做题方法，从理论上是说得通的。但是事情

往往不是这么简洁!这里有可能出现问题的点，就是在于“最优选项”。

所谓的托福阅读试题最优选项，一种可能形式与原文更为接近的选项。另一

种可能性，则是排除掉其中3个错误答案，最终得到那个与原文关系不大，但是

也没有明显错误的选项。

这里很明显，最优选项之中的正确答案，都不是可以通过简洁的查找哪个选

项之中的词，在原文之中也出现这种方法来解决的。而且考虑到中国考生在阅读

之中必需拿到27分以上的成果，因此，详情题和句子简化题是确定不被允许错

的!因此，这种通过简洁的查找一一对应的词汇的方法也是行不通的。

此路不通，另寻他路。那这种托福阅读技巧是什么?其实很简洁，就是读懂!

哪怕你不能完全懂，退而求其次，其中的规律关系确定要懂!或者说，对于托福

阅读来说，核心的内容就是要弄清其中的规律关系。不过，句子之中的规律关系，

并不是简洁的so，becau这些连词，里面的规律更多指的是，各种动词所表达

出来的因果关系，这才是核心。

换句话说，在预备托福阅读的时候，应当尽一切可能去读懂每一个句子之中

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的每一点详情，只有这样才是拿到高分的捷径!而不是，去通过只言片语进行猜

测，通过猜测考托福，只能是死路一条。

托福阅读练习及具体解析：ArtisansandIndustrialization